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Open Access Original Research

About Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Electromagnetism

Received: 21 October 2022;  Published: 08 December 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204027

Abstract

We describe here the coherent formulation of electromagnetism in the non-relativistic quantum-mechanical many-body theory of interacting charged particles. We use the mathematical frame of the field theory and its quantization in the spirit of the quantum electrodynamics (QED). This is necessary because a manifold of misinterpretations emerged especially regarding the magnetic field and gauge invariance. The situation was determined by the historical development of quantum mechanics, starting from the Schrödinger e [...]

10000 19871

Open Access Review

Recycled Wastewater Usage: A Comprehensive Review for Sustainability of Water Resources

Received: 29 August 2022;  Published: 25 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204026

Abstract

Water recycling is a potential tool for reducing the dependency on traditional water sources, which would eventually reduce the likelihood of volumetric restrictions and their impacts on the water sector. Therefore, exploration, development, and use of alternative water sources are required for sustainable development. Scientific studies on the efficient and economical use of nontraditional water sources developed using the recycling process have attracted the attention of agriculturists, planners, and engineers fo [...]

2129 63296

Open Access Research Article

Biocompatibility and Surface Integrity of Zirconia Ceramics Treated by Laser-plasma Driven Shock-waves

Received: 10 April 2022;  Published: 22 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204025

Abstract

This is a multi-disciplinary paper focused on the preliminary results of deploying laser shock treatment (LST) to ZrO2 ceramics. This work has significance in several industrial sectors for components that will benefit from strengthening. These components are, namely: dental implants; cutting and drawing tools; valves, bearings, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and high-performance scissors and knives, where modification of hard, brittle materials properties such as that of a ZrO2, can yield a performance boost. T [...]

1416 8092

Open Access Original Research

Pentachlorophenol Effect on Auxin Production by Pseudomonas fluorescens GU059580 and Its Application in Wastewater Bioremediation

Received: 29 July 2022;  Published: 18 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204024

Abstract

Bioaugmentation by Pseudomonas strains is widely used for the removal of pollutants in wastewater. In this study, we aimed to determine the removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP, 800 mg·L–1) in secondary wastewater by the bioaugmentation process. We determined the effects of using three surfactants, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyl-tri-methyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB), and Tween 80 for PCP removal. We determined the effect of the role of PCP surfactant for the biofilm and auxin production of the se [...]

1382 7345

Open Access Original Research

Application of the Extrapolation Method in Battery Diagnostics for Electric Vehicles

Received: 17 August 2022;  Published: 14 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204023

Abstract

In a lithium-ion battery, the crossing of its charging–discharging curves represents an unambiguous current capacity. The reproduction of a complete charging–discharging cycle defines the maximum possible charge for a current battery state. When obtaining of the curves experimentally, one should consider the duration of polarization or depolarization. It is reported that the battery capacity depends considerably on the value of the battery’s internal resistance as this value defines the location of the actual charg [...]

1254 7307

Open Access Original Research

Strength Properties of Cellulosic Fibrous Mats Impregnated with Water Repellents Based on Reclaimed Polystyrene

Received: 23 August 2022;  Published: 28 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204022

Abstract

Cellulosic fibrous mats were impregnated with various water-repellent formulations based on reclaimed polystyrene (5, 10, 15, and 20%), alkyd resin (5%), gum rosin (5%), and paraffin wax (0.5%). The mats were tested for their bursting strength and resistance to bending. They were also subjected to the ring crush test and short-span compression test. By increasing the concentration of total solid ingredients (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25.5%), the retention and grammage of the mats were increased, and all strength propertie [...]

1518 6796

Open Access Original Research

Elastohydrodynamic Squeeze-film Interaction in Synovial Joints with Nanofluid Lubrication

Received: 09 July 2022;  Published: 19 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204021

Abstract

New lubrication events can be predicted using improved pathological non-Newtonian physiological fluids coupled to phospholipid-based bilayers in variable time-dependent magnetic fields under random non-steady conditions. In this study, we investigated nanofluid lubrication systems for synovial joints. The particles of PSPMA-g-HSNPs were used as nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic interaction between the knee bones separated by a nanofluid film was considered here for various nanofluid concentrations. The simulation ind [...]

1429 9436

Open Access Original Research

Green Synthesis of Metal-Organic Biohybrid (Mob) Nanomaterials

Received: 02 August 2022;  Published: 17 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204020

Abstract

Green synthesis of nanomaterials endeavors to reduce the use of high energy methods with those that may include lower temperatures and pressures, use of natural products, and bottom-up self-assembly. Here we describe the generation of metal-organic biohybrids (MOBs) with nanoscale features synthesized at physiological (37°C) and room temperature (25°C). These MOBs utilized the naturally occurring amino acid dimer cystine as the biological component, and a series of metals, including copper, silver, and cobalt. The [...]

2110 13314

Open Access Research Article

Optical, Charge Transport, Thermal, Magnetic, Plasmonic, and Quantum Mechanical Properties of Iridium

Received: 30 July 2022;  Published: 12 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2204019

Abstract

Spectrophotometry has been widely used to retrieve the dielectric function of a bulk iridium sample using an extended version of the Drude–Lorentz model. The parameters of the model are optimized using a spectral-projected-gradient-method-assisted acceptance-probability-controlled simulated annealing approach. Furthermore, optimized values of Drude parameters corresponding to the optical response of electrons and holes (scattering frequency of electrons, the ratio between scattering frequencies of holes and electro [...]

1648 10266

Open Access Research Article

Calculation of the Forces Applied to a Superconductor in Levitation in an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field

Received: 07 July 2022;  Published: 15 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2203018

Abstract

Stable levitation of systems consisting of a magnetic source and a superconductor is actively investigated due to the promising applications of this technology. While huge efforts have been made for modeling these setups with numerical simulations, analytical models, in spite of their use being limited to devices with a high degree of symmetry, can bring precious information on certain characteristics of levitating systems. Summarizing our previous work in the field, we present the mean-field model that we have pro [...]

2884 24140

Open Access Original Research

Influence of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Type on Rheological Behaviour of Mixtures Proportioned Using the Equivalent Volume Method

Received: 11 July 2022;  Published: 07 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2203017

Abstract

The ever-growing urgency to combat climate change has led the civil construction industry to develop and adopt sustainable construction materials and methods. The so-called recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) emerges as an alternative to decrease the carbon footprint of new concrete construction, the disposal of waste concrete, and the use of non-renewable natural resources such as cement and aggregates. RCA can be produced from crushing waste concrete; yet challenges remain when using RCA in concrete especially its [...]

1586 9981

Open Access Interview

An Interview with Prof. José Ignacio Álvarez Galindo

Received: 29 August 2022;  Published: 30 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2203016

Abstract

Interview An Interview with Prof. José Ignacio Álvarez GalindoRecent Progress in Materials Editorial OfficeLIDSEN Publishing Inc., 2000 Auburn Drive, One Chagrin Highlands, Suite 200, Beachwood, OH, USA; E-Mail: rpm@lidsen.comRecent Progress in Materials2022, volume 4, issue 3doi:10.21926/rpm.2203016Received: August 29, 2022Accepted: August 29, 2022Published: August 30, 2022

1230 7128

Open Access Original Research

Indoor Built Environments Attended by Primary School Children and Its Microbiology: A Cross-Project Study

Received: 10 March 2022;  Published: 24 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2203015

Abstract

Exposure to indoor pollutants may exert a significant effect on children health as they spend most of their time in enclosed environments. This research compared the association of biological concentrations with indoor characteristics and building materials in places where children spend significant time indoors. It was compared the results of two autonomous research projects conducted in Porto primary schools and households. Both the projects included a walkthrough inspection and biological measurements in indoor [...]

1476 9027

Open Access Case Report

A Case Study on the Impact of Transportation of Mass Timber Products on the Cradle-to-Gate LCA Results for an Institutional Building

Received: 21 April 2022;  Published: 05 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2203014

Abstract

Mass timber products (MTPs) are being adopted in new building constructions and remodels in the last three decades, credited to their renewable and low carbon footprint characteristics. However, there are no mass timber manufacturers currently existing in Atlantic Canada. Extended distances of transporting MTPs to this region from other Canadian provinces may sacrifice the environmental benefits of using MTPs. This study was aimed to understand, via conducting a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA), the envir [...]

1660 12501

Open Access Research Article

Effects of Chemical Stabilisation of Eggshells-Lime and Fly-Ash-Cement on the Structural Strength of Subgrade Soil in Rural Roads

Received: 15 May 2022;  Published: 04 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2203013

Abstract

This study examines the chemical compositions of eggshell powder (ESP) and lime as the soil stabilisers and compared with the compositions of cement and fly-ash to understand the optimal distribution of chemical stabilisers maximising the bearing capacity and structural integrity of subgrade soil. The different proportions of eggshell powder (ESP) (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of total soil mass) were mixed with a fixed proportion of lime (6% of total soil mass) to analyse the optimum proportion of eggshell maximising the soi [...]

1594 12148

Open Access Original Research

Solubility of Dental Ceramics in Electric Fields

Received: 21 April 2022;  Published: 15 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202012

Abstract

Combining dental ceramics with other prosthetic metallic restorations might release metal ions, thus affecting the oral tissues of the patients. In this study, we evaluated the electrochemical solubility of various dental ceramics in a galvanic experimental setup in vitro. Smooth and rough feldspathic and zirconium dioxide ceramics (at pH 5.5 and pH 3.0) were exposed to an electric field. Calcium, barium, and zirconium were selected as parameters to determine the solubility of both types of ceramic materials. Among [...]

1900 9430

Open Access Review

Modifications of Glass Ionomer Cements Using Nanotechnology: Recent Advances

Received: 01 May 2022;  Published: 01 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202011

Abstract

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are dental materials that were invented by Wilson & Kent in 1972. They can chemically bond to enamel and dentin and can exhibit anti-cariogenic activity that allows the release and uptake of fluoride ions. They also possess the ability to render color. The setting reaction of GICs is a neutralization reaction that results in the formation of polycarboxylate salts. The most important GIC modification process involves the addition of resin components, resulting in the development of resin [...]

2924 28583

Open Access Original Research

Role of Point of Zero Charge in the Adsorption of Cationic Textile Dye on Standard Biochars from Aqueous Solutions: Selection Criteria and Performance Assessment

Received: 19 April 2022;  Published: 19 May 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202010

Abstract

The point of zero charge (PZC) is an inherent electrokinetic property of biochars (BC). It influences the adsorption process under certain pH conditions. Herein, we report the method of determination of the PZC values of ten standard BCs. We used the salt addition method to select the BCs with suitable properties for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. The standard BCs were obtained by pyrolyzing five different biomasses at two distinct temperatures (550°C and 700°C). The BCs derived from rice husk [...]

10430 47349

Open Access Research Article

4D Printed Shape Memory Polymers: Morphology and Fabrication of a Functional Antenna

Received: 17 February 2022;  Published: 29 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202009

Abstract

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can respond to certain thermal, chemical or electrical stimuli by inducing a structural conformation change into a temporary shape. In this work, a 3D printing process based on a Vat Photo-polymerization of a shape memory polymer (SMP) was investigated to produce customized smart and complex morphable antennas. The mechanical and material properties were examined through a tensile, flexural and rheological testing for different polymer mixture ratios. It was obs [...]

2198 15443

Open Access Review

Development of Low Elastic Modulus Titanium Alloys as Implant Biomaterials

Received: 20 March 2022;  Published: 21 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202008

Abstract

Biomaterials have always been the focus of material scientists and engineers. Titanium and its alloys have favorable properties, such as high strength, low density, good corrosion resistance, non-toxicity, low elastic modulus, biocompatibility, etc. Thus, Ti alloys have received much attention from scientists and engineers who work with biomaterials. Among these properties, the elastic modulus is a very important property for implant biomaterials because it avoids the “stress shielding” effect. In this study, we su [...]

7064 34732

Open Access Interview

An Interview with Prof. Vincenzo M. Sglavo

Received: 11 April 2022;  Published: 14 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202007

Abstract

An Interview with Prof. Vincenzo M. Sglavo.

1107 6431

Open Access Original Research

Reaction Kinetics and Characterization of Slag-Based, High Strength, “Just-Add-Water” Type (One-Part) Alkali-Activated Binders

Received: 03 February 2022;  Published: 08 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2202006

Abstract

The influence of different levels of alkalinity, expressed using M2O-to-binder ratio (n) and activator SiO2-to-M2O ratio (Ms), (M being the Na+ or K+ cation) on the reaction kinetics, compressive strength development and the reaction product formation in slag-based systems activated using alkali powders are discussed. The fundamental idea is to better understand one-part, “just-add-water” type alkali activated binders that are easy-to-use than the systems that rely on liquid activators. The difference in the behavi [...]

1994 13005

Open Access Original Research

Automated Quality and Process Control for Additive Manufacturing using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Received: 24 November 2021;  Published: 28 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2201005

Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a crucial component of the smart manufacturing industry. In this paper, we propose an automated quality grading system for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process as one of the major AM processes using a developed real-time deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The CNN model is trained offline using the images of the internal and surface defects in the layer-by-layer deposition of materials and tested online by studying the performance of detecting and grading the failure [...]

1884 14134

Open Access Review

Material Challenges and Opportunities in 3D Printing for Hip Implant Applications

Received: 16 November 2021;  Published: 23 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2201004

Abstract

There is a current need for tissue and organ repairs, replacement, and regeneration for patients who suffer from diseased or damaged tissues or organs. This situation is continuously on the rise and the supply of this form of therapy does not meet the patients demand mostly due to lack of donors and biocompatibility issues which causes immune system rejection of the implants. To succeed through these limitations, researchers are currently investigating the use of scaffolds as another approach for implants. The conv [...]

3749 29690

Open Access Research Article

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Wood Flour and Pellets for Manufacturing Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs)

Received: 07 December 2021;  Published: 09 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2201003

Abstract

This study is expanding the previous studies that were focused on the material properties and transportation costs of the two alternative feedstocks for manufacturing wood-plastic composites (WPCs): wood flour and pellets. Besides the material properties and cost analysis, life-cycle assessment (LCA) is equally important to assess the environmental impacts of these two alternative wood feedstocks to manufacture WPCs and gain the knowledge of influences from the manufacturing and transportation processes. The main g [...]

1815 18405

Open Access Original Research

Fabrication and Demonstration of a 3D-printing/PDMS Integrated Microfluidic Device

Received: 21 October 2021;  Published: 25 January 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2201002

Abstract

3D printing is an attractive method to fabricate microfluidic devices due to (1) its fast and simple process without specialized equipment and cleanroom environment, and (2) its capability to create complex 3D structures. Combined with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), it can be used to develop various microfluidic devices taking advantage of both 3D printing and PDMS. In this paper, we investigated a Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer to fabricate 3D printing/PDMS integrated microfluidic devices. We used it to f [...]

3435 23330

Open Access Editorial

Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Recent Progress in Materials in 2021

Received: 05 January 2022;  Published: 06 January 2022;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2201001

Abstract

The editors of Recent Progress in Materials would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2021. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can download a certificate of re [...]

1147 7864

Open Access Original Research

Cradle-to-Grave Life-Cycle Assessment of Cellulosic Fiberboard

Received: 24 August 2021;  Published: 21 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104049

Abstract

According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the construction and operation of buildings accounted for nearly 38% of total global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2019. The construction sector has been striving to use more low-carbon footprint building products to mitigate climate change and enhance environmentally preferable purchasing. Over the last several decades, there has been substantial growth in engineered wood products for the construction industry. To assess these products used in constru [...]

2082 17310

Open Access Research Article

Life Cycle Assessment of North American Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) Production

Received: 18 June 2021;  Published: 15 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104048

Abstract

Raw materials for buildings and construction account for more than 35% of global primary energy use and nearly 40% of energy-related CO2 emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasized the drastic reduction in GHG emissions and thus, wood products with very low or negative carbon footprint materials can play an important role. In this study, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was followed to quantify the environmental impacts of laminated strand lumber (LSL). The inven [...]

1669 13471

Open Access Original Research

Pozzolanic and Cementing Activity of Raw and Pyro-Processed Saudi Arabian Red Mud (RM) Waste

Received: 28 September 2021;  Published: 29 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104047

Abstract

This paper investigates the composition, properties and reactivity of a red mud waste generated in Saudi Arabia with a view to find alternative materials to replace construction binders of high environmental impact. The phase transformation triggered by the sintering of the RM up to 1000°C is determined with thermal and X-Ray Diffraction analyses. Reactivity is investigated with chemical and physical methods including the Chapelle test, setting times, mechanical index and microscopy. The RM is clearly pozzol [...]

2454 16358

Open Access Original Research

Assessment of Mineral Gain in White Spot Lesions Using CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP in Different Clinical Protocols: A Proof of Concept Study

Received: 28 September 2021;  Published: 26 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104046

Abstract

Subsurface remineralization can be promoted by the topical application of nanoparticles of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). To assess changes in enamel white spot lesions, an in situ proof-of-concept investigation was performed using 5 subjects (all of whom were healthy young adults) with a cross-over study design. Custom orthodontic brackets were attached to the buccal surfaces of the maxillary second premolar and first molar teeth. Each bracket had a recess that held a slab of enamel w [...]

1757 14319

Open Access Research Article

Meat Waste Valorization through Protein Hydrolysis using Different Types of Proteases

Received: 12 May 2021;  Published: 08 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104045

Abstract

Five different commercial proteases (Alcalase 2.4L, Flavourzyme 1000L, Neutrase, Protamex, and PTN) were evaluated for the simultaneous recovery of protein and lipids through hydrolysis. The hydrolysis reaction was monitored using the pH-stat procedure, in which samples were collected after 240 min of hydrolysis using each enzyme. The samples were analyzed for the degree of hydrolysis, protein hydrolysate, collagen, lipids, and fatty acids. A clear relationship was observed between the degree of hydrolysis and the [...]

3016 18310

Open Access Short Review

Reverse Mode Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal-based Smart Windows: A Progress Report

Received: 17 August 2021;  Published: 01 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104044

Abstract

The reverse mode polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is an emerging smart window technology. Unlike traditional PDLCs, a reverse mode PDLC can be transparent and opaque in the absence and presence of an external electric field. This report provides a brief introduction to several reverse modes PDLC smart window technologies, focusing on polymer-stabilized liquid crystals (PSLCs). The systems based on electrohydrodynamic instability (EHDI) of liquid crystals have also been discussed. The working principles, mode [...]

3945 43503

Open Access Original Research

Quantum Chemistry Estimation of Adhesion Strength of Hydroxyapatite with Titanium Substrate

Received: 12 May 2021;  Published: 27 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104043

Abstract

One of the ways to improve the fusion of an implant with bone tissue is through the use of biocompatible coatings, in particular, hydroxyapatite (HAp). It is important to assess the strength of the HAp adhesion to the implant. The measure of the strength of the bond of the coating with the substrate is the energy of this bond. Using density functional theory and molecular dynamics, the reaction path, reaction products, oscillation frequency, activation energy and bond energy between different combinations of compon [...]

1935 10865

Open Access Research Article

Efficient Debye Function Interpolation Formulae: Sample Applications to Diamond

Received: 17 June 2021;  Published: 22 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104042

Abstract

The well-known classical heat capacity model developed by Debye proposed an approximate description of the temperature-dependence of heat capacities of solids in terms of a characteristic integral, the T-dependent values of which are parameterized by the Debye temperature, ΘD. However, numerous tests of this simple model have shown that within Debye's original supposition of approximately constant, material-specific Debye temperature, it has little chance to be applicable to a larger variety of non-metals, e [...]

3098 18876

Open Access Original Research

Durability of Alkali-Activated Materials Made with a High-Calcium, Basic Slag

Received: 09 June 2021;  Published: 13 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104041

Abstract

Alkali activated (AA) materials have been investigated for decades as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) products. Most consist of a silicate waste activated with alkalis, which leads to lower green-house gas emissions and a substantial drop in the use of unrenewable material resources. This paper studies the durability of AA materials made with a ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) from Dublin, activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), both combined and separately, and cure [...]

2177 18937

Open Access Original Research

Hydration and Microwave Curing Temperature Interactions of Repair Mortars

Received: 24 June 2021;  Published: 09 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2104040

Abstract

Microwave curing of repair patches provides an energy efficient technique for rapid concrete repair. It has serious economic potential due to time and energy saving especially for repairs in cold weather which can cause work stoppages. However, the high temperatures resulting from the combination of microwave exposure and accelerated hydration of cementitious repair materials need to be investigated to prevent potential durability problems in concrete patch repairs. This paper investigates the time and magnitude of [...]

1513 13411

Open Access Review

Advances in Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery in Dental Therapies

Received: 19 August 2021;  Published: 28 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103039

Abstract

Dental caries are one of the major causes of oral degeneration diseases. In order to treat dental-related diseases, it is often challenging and expensive. Recent literature has reported many advances in designing delivery systems utilizing polymers and novel biomaterials. Polymers play an important role in designing many nanoformulations like liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, nano-hydroxyapatite, iron oxide, zirconia, silica, and silver nanoparticles were used to tr [...]

1874 13500

Open Access Research Article

Assessment of AAR and Sulfate Attack on Wadi Gravel Concrete after 4 Years in Service

Received: 18 April 2021;  Published: 26 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103038

Abstract

Wadi gravel is a local aggregate in Qatar that could contribute to enhanced sustainability by replacing expensive imported gabbro. The material needs to be processed before use to reduce sulfate content to acceptable levels. The paper presents the performance assessment of three full-scale buildings, variously made with 50% and 100% Wadi gravel and conventional gabbro concretes. Site monitoring up to four years in service demonstrated the strength development with age and resistance to the aggressive exposure condi [...]

1949 16599

Open Access Original Research

Production of Fermentable Sugars from Cassava Stem using Hybrid Pretreatment Technology

Received: 29 April 2021;  Published: 14 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103037

Abstract

One of the crucial steps in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass is pretreatment. We investigated the applicability of a hybrid pretreatment method, This involved acid treatment followed by alkali before the production of fermentable sugars from cassava stem. The substrate was initially treated with acid (1% oxalic acid at 100 °C for 2 h), followed by treatment with a 10% NaOH–urea mixture (by mixing 5 g each of NaOH and urea in 100 mL of water) at 100 °C for 1 h. A cellulose recovery of 98.55% was obtained with the [...]

1579 11345

Open Access Research Article

Phase Equilibrium in ZrO2-CeO2-Eu2O3 System at a Temperature of 1500 °C

Received: 24 May 2021;  Published: 02 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103036

Abstract

The phase equilibria and structural transformations in the ternary ZrO2-CeO2-Eu2O3 system at 1500 °C were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy in the overall concentration range. The system was found to constitute fields of solid solutions based on the tetragonal (T) modification of ZrO2, cubic (C) and monoclinic (B) modifications of Eu2O3, cubic with a fluorite-type structure (F) modifications of CeO2 (ZrO2), and ordered intermediate phase with a pyrochlore-type structure of Eu2Zr2O [...]

2161 11398

Open Access Research Article

Utilization of Upgraded Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Recycled Concrete Fines in Cement Mortars

Received: 11 February 2021;  Published: 17 August 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103035

Abstract

Waste concrete is the most predominant constituent material among construction and demolition waste. Current waste concrete recycling is limited to the use of recycled concrete aggregates as a road-base material and less as aggregates in new concrete mixes. Further, the production of recycled concrete aggregates results in the generation of a high amount of fines, consisting mainly of cement paste particles. Hence, this study aims to produce the cement mortars using the upgraded recycled concrete aggregates (sand g [...]

2255 16312

Open Access Original Research

Bisphenol A Release from Orthodontic Clear Aligners: An In-Vitro Study

Received: 31 March 2021;  Published: 12 August 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103034

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used synthetic compound that has been identified as an endocrine disruptor. It has been linked to adverse health effects such as developmental defects, infertility in both men and women, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. There has been increased interest in BPA’s effects on the developing fetus and data has revealed that doses below the presumed safe dose can produce harmful effects. Orthodontic clear aligner therapy is a popular treatment modality that involves the patient we [...]

3389 42314

Open Access Original Research

Effect of Recycled Rubber Particles on the Deicing Salt-Scaling Durability of Concrete

Received: 27 March 2021;  Published: 09 August 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103033

Abstract

The present study investigated the effect of reused rubber particles (RRP) on the deicer salt durability of ordinary concrete. Four mixtures were designed, a control concrete (CC) and three other rubber concretes obtained by partial substitution of natural dune sand aggregate with reused rubber particles with 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% w/w. All studied concretes were subjected to the combined effect of freeze/thaw (56 and 120) cycles with the deicer salt solution of 3% NaCl. The results indicated that RRP improved the deic [...]

1706 9441

Open Access Original Research

Experimental and Statistical Evaluation of the Interaction Effect of Recycled Aggregate and Water/Cement Ratio on Concrete Compressive Strength

Received: 07 March 2021;  Published: 28 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103032

Abstract

The production of concrete using recycled aggregates, obtained from the processing of construction and demolition waste, is extensively practiced worldwide. However, the effect of simultaneous adding fine recycled aggregate and the recycled coarse aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete is still unfamiliar. This work aims to evaluate the influence of the water/cement ratio (WC Ratio), the fine recycled aggregate content (%FRA), the coarse recycled aggregate content (%CRA), as well as the interaction betw [...]

1940 11873

Open Access Original Research

Influence of Biopolymers on the Mechanical Behavior of Earth-Based Building Materials

Received: 09 March 2021;  Published: 26 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103031

Abstract

Currently, the largest among the earth excavation sites in Europe are located in the Paris region. The soils excavated from these sites are often considered waste and are not valorized. With an increasing focus on sustainable development, the demand for low-carbon building materials is rising. Although construction using raw earth is a vernacular technique, the diversity in the behavior of the raw earth building materials warrants better control of their mechanical properties. The construction techniques differ dep [...]

2740 14542

Open Access Original Research

Assisted Phytostabilization of Acidic Polymetallic Mine Tailings Using Marble Waste and Native Plant Citrullus colocynthis: Effect on Soil, Plant, and Metal Uptake

Received: 29 December 2020;  Published: 22 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103030

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the phytostabilization ability of the native Moroccan plant Citrullus colocynthis on the neutralization of soil acidity and stabilization of metallic trace elements (MTEs) assisted by marble waste. Mine tailings (MT) collected from an abandoned polymetallic site were mixed with powdered marble (PM) using different mixing ratios (%): (MTPM25), (MTPM50), (MTPM75), and agricultural soil (AS) acting as the control. Seeds of C. colocynthis were selected and planted under g [...]

1966 9361

Open Access Research Article

Drainage in a Screw Press and Utilization of the Recovered Fibres after Thermo-Hydrolytic Disintegration of Waste Fibreboards

Received: 15 March 2021;  Published: 22 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103029

Abstract

A thermo-hydrolytic disintegration process qualifies as a promising option for recycling the waste MDF and preserving the fibrous morphology of the recovered lignocellulosic fibre material. This study aims to include a drainage process between the thermo-hydrolytic disintegration and the further utilization of the recovered fibres (RF) obtained using a screw press for removing the disintegration water (DW). In this context, the chemical properties of the RF (pH, nitrogen content, formaldehyde emissions) and the DW [...]

2148 9927

Open Access Original Research

Suitability of Steel Making Slag as a Construction Material Resource

Received: 24 February 2021;  Published: 16 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2103028

Abstract

One of the largest problems facing the steelmaking industry is the high amount of waste currently produced and the low amount of waste that is currently recycled. This study aims to look at the suitability of 3 different samples of basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) slag as a construction material, in concert with their carbon capture capacity. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), CO2 adsorption analysis [...]

2834 20236

Open Access Review

Use of α-Lactalbumin [α-La] from Whey as a Vehicle for Bioactive Compounds in Food Technology and Pharmaceutics: A Review

Received: 26 April 2021;  Published: 22 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102027

Abstract

Whey protein is a byproduct of cheese, casein, and Greek yogurt produced in Europe, North America, and Australasia. It is a substantial source of functional proteins and peptides for the worldwide food industry. α-Lactalbumin (α-La) is a globular protein that can be isolated from WPI (whey protein isolates) using techniques such as chromatography/gel filtration, membrane separation, etc. α-La is used in the elaboration of functional foods and is a very good source of peptides with anticancer, antimicrobial, antivir [...]

2451 15261

Open Access Review

A Review of the Multi-Physical Characteristics of Plant Aggregates and Their Effects on the Properties of Plant-Based Concrete

Received: 26 March 2021;  Published: 20 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102026

Abstract

The use of plant aggregates obtained from agricultural co-products mixed with mineral binders to form eco-friendly insulating building materials has been initiated for a few years to bring environmentally friendly solutions to the construction sector. Several studies on different agro-resources have already been carried out, providing various information about the properties of plant aggregates and plant-based concrete. However, the characteristics of the agricultural co-product, which allow it to qualify as a plan [...]

3319 25170

Open Access Original Research

Influence of Aging, Sterilization, and Composition on the Degradation of Polyurethane Foams

Received: 05 April 2021;  Published: 25 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102025

Abstract

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are highly attractive materials for medical devices. Specifically, SMP foams are currently being used as embolic devices in peripheral and cerebral vascular applications. To ensure the proper function and safety of these materials in their intended applications, it is important to understand how processing treatments, such as aging, sterilization, and foam composition can influence their degradation. Here, SMP foams were treated with industry relevant processing parameters, and the infl [...]

2559 14568

Open Access Original Research

The Use of Sulfur Waste to Protect Against Corrosion of Metal Implants

Received: 24 March 2021;  Published: 15 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102024

Abstract

Metal parts of endoprosthesis have a detrimental effect on the bones that come into contact with them and on the entire body of the patient. Coating them with biocompatible layers (hydroxyapatite and bioglass) has not yet brought about permanent results. In this study, the author showed the possibility of using a binder containing sulfur waste for this purpose. The sulfur binder is used industrially in electrical engineering and construction applications. The chemical properties of elemental sulfur indicate that it [...]

2072 9848

Open Access Research Article

A New Progress in Random Hydrodynamic Lubrication for Movable Non-Rotational Curvilinear Biosurfaces with Phospholipid Bilayers

Received: 08 October 2020;  Published: 02 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102023

Abstract

This paper aims to highlight the result of a new progression of mathematical estimation methods of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for arbitrary, curvilinear, non-rotational, co-operating, living biological surfaces coated with phospholipid bi-layers. Movable, non-rotational, co-operating surfaces occur in various biological friction nods like the collar bone, the blade bone, the jump joint, and the wrist joint. Specifically, the author presents a synthetic and comprehensive estimation of stochas [...]

2075 9837

Open Access Original Research

Feasibility Study on the Use of Modified Copper Slag as a Sustainable Fine Aggregate in Mortar

Received: 09 March 2021;  Published: 02 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102022

Abstract

Depending on the availability of aggregate sources pertaining to their geographic locations, the concrete industry utilizes conventional aggregates such as marine sand, dredged gravel, or crushed rocks. This method requires high energy and high processing costs for washing and grinding. The objective of this work is to use Modified Ferro silicate slag (MFS), a by-product obtained from the copper industry, as an alternative to the conventional fine aggregates found in mortar. No additional processing such as washing [...]

2099 11438

Open Access Research Article

Plane Waves Scattered by a Spherical Inclusion in a Half Space of Poroelastic Material

Received: 09 December 2020;  Published: 02 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102021

Abstract

This paper concerns a poroelastic half-space in which plane compressional waves are scattered by a spherical inclusion. Addition theorems for the spherical wave functions are utilized to meet the boundary conditions on the plane, and the satisfaction of the given conditions on the boundary of the sphere leads to three infinite series equations, whose solution can be acquired by successive approximations. Further, its existence and uniqueness are discussed.

2023 8428

Open Access Original Research

Pilot Study of Tooth Structure Removed in Primary Molar Zirconia Crown Preparations of Typodont Teeth

Received: 10 February 2021;  Published: 28 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102020

Abstract

Prefabricated zirconia crowns (ZRCs) require a passive fit and more reduction than stainless steel crowns (SSC). To determine the mean and maximum reduction depths in the mesial-buccal and occlusal areas for three ZRC brands and one SSC in posterior primary typodont molars and to compare reduction depths to existing literature to determine the preparation’s proximity to pulpal tissue. Four primary maxillary and mandibular typodont teeth (J and S) were prepared according to the manufacturers’ guidelines for three ZR [...]

2167 10337

Open Access Original Research

Theoretical Modelling of Liquid Crystal Electro-Optical Material Display Elements to Achieve Optimal Low Power Consumption Ship Stealth

Received: 29 December 2020;  Published: 14 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102019

Abstract

Advanced optical stealth techniques are of growing importance in the role of manned and unmanned aircraft or ship platforms. We consider here the concept of using passive reflective display elements rather than high power active light projection to achieve a low observable camouflaged ship platform. This paper presents practical consideration towards minimal radiated power user-driven requirements using adaptive liquid crystal electro-optical methods. Optical reflectivity for a multi-layer liquid crystal cell struc [...]

2233 12219

Open Access Original Research

The Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction Potential of Carbon-Dioxide-Cured Alternative Binder Concrete

Received: 12 January 2021;  Published: 13 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102018

Abstract

Climate change has been identified as one of the biggest issues plaguing human life at present. Hence, immense attention is being paid to developing methods that can potentially reduce carbon dioxide emission. With the help of carbon-negative concrete, manufactured from alternative binders and cured with waste carbon dioxide, a major part of the manufacturing industries that emit carbon dioxide can be potentially turned into a carbon sink. In this study, the waste material streams in Finland, suitable for disposing [...]

4056 29012

Open Access Review

Machine Learning in Hazardous Building Material Management: Research Status and Applications

Received: 22 January 2021;  Published: 11 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102017

Abstract

Assessment of the presence of hazardous materials in buildings is essential for improving material recyclability, increasing working safety, and lowering the risk of unforeseen cost and delay in demolition. In light of these aspects, machine learning has been viewed as a promising approach to complement environmental investigations and quantify the risk of finding hazardous materials in buildings. In view of the increasing number of related studies, this article aims to review the research status of hazardous mater [...]

2627 13301

Open Access Original Research

Assessment of Durability of Bio-based Earth Composites

Received: 12 March 2021;  Published: 07 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102016

Abstract

Bio-based earth composites present various environmental benefits, such as usable wastes, coproducts, abundant or renewable materials, etc. Moreover, the incorporation of bioaggregates in the earth matrix allows the buildings to act as an effective carbon sink. A growing number of studies are now focusing on the mechanical and hygrothermal properties of bio-based earth building materials. However, the durability of these types of material is a major concern, and knowledge of their various aspects is essential to an [...]

2299 19056

Open Access Short Review

Carbon Dots: An Insight into Their Application in Heavy Metal Sensing

Received: 01 December 2020;  Published: 28 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102015

Abstract

The design of nanomaterials for application in diverse fields ranging from photovoltaic to fluorescence sensing is a research area of increasing interest. Recently, Quantum Dots (QDs), which are classified as semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) and Carbon dots (CDs), have become a hot topic of investigation, owing to their extraordinary tunable fluorescence emission properties that render them excellent candidates for sensing metal ions. The detection of metal ions in aqueous solutions with high sensitivity is very i [...]

3046 20618

Open Access Case Report

Non-surgical Furcal Perforation Management with Biodentine in Retreatment: A 1-Year Recall Review

Received: 28 December 2020;  Published: 27 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102014

Abstract

Furcal perforation management in root canal retreatment is often challenging as the outcome of the perforation sealing depends on several parameters. The recent introduction of several bioactive cements and magnification systems has made the sealing of perforations easier and the outcome more predictable. This study highlights the clinical outcomes of furcal perforation management in root canal retreatment using biodentine.

1992 16458

Open Access Original Research

Potential of Wastewater Valorization after Wet Extraction of Proteins from Faba Bean and Pea Flours

Received: 02 December 2020;  Published: 21 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102013

Abstract

The present study aimed to characterize wastewater fractions obtained after the wet extraction of proteins from legumes. In addition, the suitability of wastewater fractions for the potential recovery of high value-added compounds was also examined, and consequently, the prevention of the environmental impact of these wastes was explored. Similar to the industrial production of proteins, wet alkaline and acidic extractions of proteins from faba bean and pea flours were performed in two stages of extraction. The dif [...]

2537 17610

Open Access Perspective

Lithium-ion Battery and the Future

Received: 26 December 2020;  Published: 13 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102012

3811 22811

Open Access Research Article

Classical and Quantum Models of Diffusion

Received: 19 February 2021;  Published: 13 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102011

Abstract

The objective of the paper is twofold: first, to review the classical diffusion models and show the approximations at the origin of the parabolic character of the classical equations; second, to demonstrate a connection between the quantum and classical models of diffusion. As diffusion is inherently related to the motion of constituents, the consistent models are framed within the dynamics of mixtures. The derivation of diffusion equations is then determined based on the related, pertinent approximations.

3128 13642

Open Access Original Research

Contactless Detection of Natural Bending Frequencies using Embedded Metallic-Glass Ribbons inside Plastic Beams made of 3-D Printing

Received: 12 December 2020;  Published: 06 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2102010

Abstract

In the current work, to identify the bending mode harmonics, 30 microns thin magnetoelastic ribbons made of metallic glass are embedded inside 6 mm thick PLA plastic cantilever beams made by 3-D printing. This is possible because the ribbons are of magnetoelastic nature and thus change their mechanical state inducing a corresponding change in their magnetic state. The ribbons are placed at four different depths, starting with zero depth at the beam’s external surface all the way inside to the beam’s mid-plane. This [...]

1978 9667

Open Access Original Research

The behaviour of Nitinol Wire Bundles for Structural Applications

Received: 19 August 2019;  Published: 30 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101009

Abstract

Shape memory alloys (SMA) belong to a family of smart materials, which undergo diffusionless phase transformations when subjected to thermo-mechanical changes making them ideally suitable for utilization in several structural engineering applications. Within this class of materials, Ni-Ti (Nickel-Titanium) alloys are predominantly used due to their non-linear behaviour. Nitinol, one of the Ni-Ti alloys, possesses unique properties such as super-elasticity and shape- memory effect, which makes it suitable for dampin [...]

5048 26705

Open Access Original Research

Effect of Fiber/Matrix Interface Modification on Basalt Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Composites

Received: 22 December 2020;  Published: 29 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101008

Abstract

Continuous fiber reinforced geopolymer matrix composites offer the potential for use in structural applications at temperatures up to 700°C, while enabling the manufacture at temperatures below 100°C. Studies have investigated a variety of high temperature structural fiber reinforcements, including carbon, SiC and Al2O3. While there has been active research into various grades of Al2O3 fibers, SiC is most commonly used for high temperature reinforcement of geopolymers in oxidizing environments. Both familie [...]

2278 12370

Open Access Review

Progress of Nanomaterials in Preventative and Restorative Dentistry

Received: 02 November 2020;  Published: 05 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101007

Abstract

To date, many studies have examined the development and use of novel materials, enhancing the performance of existing dental composites and improving methods for restoring tooth structure. In recent years, nanotechnology-based techniques have been used to develop a variety of nanomaterial-based dental products aimed at conservative dentistry applications. These new nanomaterial-based materials offer improved physicochemical and mechanical properties, combined with enhanced aesthetics that makes them superior restor [...]

3676 23571

Open Access Original Research

Dimensional, Mechanical and LCA Characterization of Terrazzo Tiles along with Glass and Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW)

Received: 12 December 2020;  Published: 02 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101006

Abstract

In this work, two types of wastes were introduced, namely, glass from municipal waste and Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW). The latter, which was obtained from rubble generated by the seismic events occurred in Central Italy in 2016, was introduced in two configurations, the single-layer and the double-layer of the cement-based Terrazzo tiles. A maximum of 77% of waste introduction was proven to be possible, therefore creating the possibility of obtaining construction products including high quantities of se [...]

2929 23333

Open Access Review

High-Performance Polymers for Aeronautic Wires Insulation: Current Uses and Future Prospects

Received: 25 November 2020;  Published: 25 February 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101005

Abstract

Polymers such as polyimides and fluoropolymers are widely used for insulating aeronautic wires. They are exposed to various changing factors such as temperature, pressure, moisture, vibration, chafing, etc. The electrification on the horizon can potentially increase the demand for these systems. Indeed, this impending evolution of technology pushes the boundaries of commonly-employed wires. Downsizing systems and enhancing the performance is an urgent requirement. A new generation of insulating materials capable of [...]

4849 37204

Open Access Original Research

Toward Next Generation Plasmonic Nanopore Slit Platform with a ~10 nm Slit-Width

Received: 22 December 2020;  Published: 05 February 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101004

Abstract

We fabricated various nanoaperture plasmonic platforms for single-molecule detection. We fabricated nanoapertures like nanopores on a pyramid and nanoslits on an Au flat membrane using a Ga ion focused ion beam drilling technique, followed by irradiating with a high energy electron beam, dependent on the electron beam current density to obtain nanoapertures with a few nanometer sizes (circular nanopore, nanoslit pores). We examined their optical characteristics with varying aperture sizes and sample thicknesses. We [...]

8994 22866

Open Access Original Research

Tribological Behaviour of Sputter Coated ZnO Thin Films

Received: 13 August 2020;  Published: 22 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101003

Abstract

The tribological properties of ZnO thin film coated on an aluminium work piece by RF magnetron sputtering were studied as a function of deposition power, substrate coating temperature, heat treatment and rotation speed. The variation in the coefficient of friction of ZnO films produced under various levels of coating parameters and conditions were experimentally determined using a pin-on-disk tribometer. The results showed that with change in deposition conditions and heat treatment, there are significant microstru [...]

2150 12318

Open Access Original Research

Deflection of a Concrete T-beam with Prestressed and Non-prestressed Fiber Reinforcement Polymers at Elevated Temperatures

Received: 15 November 2020;  Published: 15 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101002

Abstract

Prestressed concrete members have gained popularity as an efficient and effective way of designing a structural member with the best engineering and material properties. The method of prestressing a structural concrete member has the capability of controlling increased service loads with less depth over longer spans. However, deflections from over-loading or loading over time give a disadvantage to the common steel reinforced concrete members by the effect of corrosion as the structural concrete develop cracks. To [...]

1971 13296

Open Access Editorial

Acknowlegement to Reviewers of Recent Progress in Materials in 2020

Received: 07 January 2021;  Published: 07 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2101001

Abstract

The editors of Recent Progress in Materials would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2020. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can download a certificate o [...]

1280 6938

Open Access Review

Clinical Significance of Internal Friction Connection and Micro-Threads in Implant-Supported Prostheses: A Literature Review

Received: 13 August 2020;  Published: 17 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2004024

Abstract

A connection structure using both a screw and friction is advantageous to secure an abutment to an implant. Understanding the biomechanics of the implant-abutment connection is necessary for the long-term clinical survival of a dental implant with decreased complications. The internal conical friction connection structure and micro-threads have shown favorable biological hard tissue response with exceptional structural features. The internal conical connection structure maintains the soft tissue seal and the margin [...]

3074 18585

Open Access Original Research

The Effect of Curing Temperature on the Morphology and Electro-Optical Properties of a Flexible UV-Cured Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC)

Received: 11 October 2020;  Published: 08 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2004023

Abstract

In this work, the experimental data on flexible PDLC films at the industrial scale and the effect of cure temperature (Tc) on the morphology and electro-optical properties of a UV-cured PDLC system via polymer-induced phase separation (PIPS) method were studied. Under constant UV radiation intebsity and thickness, the morphological parameters such as dimension, number density, and volume fraction of the phase-separated liquid crystal droplets as well as the optical transmissions and switching voltages as a function [...]

2130 12317

Open Access Research Article

Mechanical and Rheological Properties of 3D Printable Cement Composites

Received: 29 July 2020;  Published: 23 October 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2004022

Abstract

Additive manufacturing is a recent revolution in the construction field since cementitious materials became printable. This extrusion technique has enabled the construction of very complex geometry with a reduction in costs, time and labour interventions. This study aims to evaluate the possibility of reinforcing 3D printable cementitious composites with the use of nano and micro materials, particularly nano silica, micro silica and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) which are known for their ability to enhance the f [...]

2429 11979

Open Access Review

Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Fabrication of Bone Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

Received: 26 June 2020;  Published: 08 September 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003021

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) as a modern and more effective treatment for bone defects has recently received lots of attention. One of the pivotal parts of BTE is the “scaffold”, which functions as an indwelling carrier of cells and additives, as well as, providing a foundation for cell growth and eventually forming new, native-like bone. Up to now, many methods and materials have been employed to manufacture bone scaffolds. This review focuses on providing both basic knowledge of BTE as well as possible methods o [...]

4676 32673

Open Access Research Article

Wave Propagation and Scattering due to Debonding in CFRP Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

Received: 28 May 2020;  Published: 27 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003020

Abstract

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems as sheets or plates are commonly used to strengthen and retrofit damaged reinforced concrete beams. In general, the bond between the FRP element and concrete defines the effectiveness of the externally bonded FRP materials. In most cases, the interface bonding behaviour is usually tested via static loading conditions. In this paper, the bonding is verified under dynamic conditions. Wave propagation is modelled in delaminated CFRP strengthened reinforced concrete beam. [...]

2209 12057

Open Access Research Article

Enhanced Long-term Antithrombogenicity Instigated by Covalently-Attached Surface Modifier on Biomedical Polymers

Received: 03 May 2020;  Published: 18 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003019

Abstract

During a variety of medical procedures such as renal dialysis, bypass surgery, and lung transplantation patient blood is exposed to the surface of a number of polymeric materials such as polycarbonate (PC), poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polysulfone (PS) for a period up to several days. Such exposure may result in undesirable protein-material interactions that can potentially trigger deleterious biological processes including thrombosis, which may be responsible for other complications such as cognitive disability [...]

2392 11065

Open Access Review

Using Acoustic Fields to Fabricate ECM-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Applications

Received: 22 March 2020;  Published: 21 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003018

Abstract

Ultrasound is emerging as a promising tool for both characterizing and fabricating engineered biomaterials. Ultrasound-based technologies offer a diverse toolbox with outstanding capacity for optimization and customization within a variety of therapeutic contexts, including improved extracellular matrix-based materials for regenerative medicine applications. Non-invasive ultrasound fabrication tools include the use of thermal and mechanical effects of acoustic waves to modify the structure and function of extracell [...]

2633 15444

Open Access Short Review

Bio-Based Substances from the Compost of Bio-Waste for Decontamination of Waste Water

Received: 25 April 2020;  Published: 01 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003017

Abstract

A literature survey shows that the valorization of urban and/or agricultural biowastes into chemicals has caught the attention of experts and is gradually becoming quite an important issue. This review presents the application of the Bio-Based Substances (BBS) isolated from the compost of bio-wastes from urban gardening and park trimming residues. The non-cost BBS has been well studied in the literature. BBS are biological macromolecules with a complex lignin-derived structure containing several functional groups, [...]

2014 10560

Open Access Research Article

Dirac's Spectrum from Newton’s Laws in Graphene

Received: 17 March 2020;  Published: 01 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003016

Abstract

The present report provides a phenomenological theory for monolayer graphene, in which two worlds, the quantum and the classical, meet and complete each other in the most natural manner. In the present report, electron mass-vortex representation is introduced, and the surface tension excitation states in the monolayer graphene are defined. The band-mass of the electrons at the Dirac’s point was calculated through the mathematical introduction of a mass-dispersion relation. As a consequence, the Dirac’s [...]

2117 13966

Open Access Review

Effects of Quantum Confinement of Hydrogen in Nanocavities – Experimental INS Results and New Insights

Received: 31 March 2020;  Published: 23 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002015

Abstract

Current developments of non-relativistic quantum mechanics appear to predict, and reveal, counter-intuitive dynamical effects of hydrogen in nanostructured materials that are of considerable importance for basic research as well as for technological applications. In this review, the experimental focus is on H2O and H molecules in carbon nanotubes and other nanocavities that have been experimentally investigated using the well-established technique of incoherent inelastic neutron scattering (INS). For instance, the [...]

2462 12928

Open Access Original Research

Enhancement of String Tension Using Thin-Film Metallic Glass Coatings

Received: 16 May 2020;  Published: 15 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002014

Abstract

Inspired by the application of metallic glass sheet as face material for improving the performance of golf clubs, the present work was aimed to explore the application of thin-film metallic glass (TFMG) coatings for enhancing the performance of strings. In order to achieve this aim, badminton strings were coated with TFMG coatings of different thicknesses. The compositions of these TFMG coatings were analyzed using an electron probe micro-analyzer. The amorphous structure of the film was verified using X-ray diffra [...]

2133 10431

Open Access Original Research

Polystyrene Topography Sticker Array for Cell-Based Assays

Received: 15 March 2020;  Published: 14 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002013

Abstract

Cells can respond to different topographical cues in their natural microenvironment. Hence, scientists have employed microfabrication techniques and materials to generate culture substrates containing topographies for cell-based assays. However, one of the limitations of custom topographical platforms is the lack of adoption by the broad research community. These techniques and materials have high costs, require high technical expertise, and can leach components that may introduce artifacts. In this study, we devel [...]

2277 12589

Open Access Review

The Use of Biomaterials in Internal Radiation Therapy

Received: 18 March 2020;  Published: 12 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002012

Abstract

Radiotherapy has become one of the most prominent and effective modalities for cancer treatment and care. Ionising radiation, delivered either from external or internal sources, can be targeted to cancerous cells causing damage to DNA that can induce apoptosis. External beam radiotherapy delivers either photon radiation (x-rays or gamma rays) or particle radiation (neutrons or protons) in a targeted manner to specific tumour locations. Internal radiotherapy involves placing radioactive sources within the body to de [...]

3240 21772

Open Access Technical Note

Innovation in Skin Regeneration: Novel Approaches with β-1,3/1,6-Glucan-Based Treatments

Received: 06 April 2020;  Published: 11 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002011

Abstract

Skin regeneration is a multidisciplinary topic that involves plastic surgery, aesthetics, and dermatology. In the last few years, several molecules have been used to prevent or delay the skin aging process. Recently, promising investigations on novel β-1,3/1,6-glucan-based treatments, associated with sodium hyaluronate, have demonstrated the induction of a naïve biological stimulus in soft tissues. Serum Revitalizing Face (Lot 00118a0051 of 11/19/2018 approved by the Italian Ministry of Health as a Medical Device-C [...]

1961 11407

Open Access Original Research

Mechano-Vibrational Spectroscopy of Tissues and Materials Using Vibrational Optical Coherence Tomography: A New Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Technique

Received: 04 February 2020;  Published: 29 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002010

Abstract

Elastic moduli of tissues and synthetic polymeric materials are important design properties needed to develop new implants. In this paper we report the use of vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) to measure the resonant frequency and calculate the modulus of tissues and synthetic polymers non-invasively and non-destructively in vitro and in vivo. Values of tissue and polymer moduli were obtained by applying an audible sinusoidal sound wave to the surface of each specimen. The sound wave travels to the in [...]

3380 26043

Open Access Original Research

Quantum Decoherence in Dense Media: A Few Examples

Received: 29 December 2019;  Published: 13 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002009

Abstract

Decoherence is a relatively recent concept in the field of quantum mechanics. Although the pioneers of the field must have understood that loss of phase coherence in quantum superpositions is the reason underlying the appearance of definite outcomes in the quantum measurement problem, the latter was not treated in terms of decoherence until sixty years after the formulation of quantum mechanics as described in a report by Joos and Zeh in 1983 [1]. However, soon after, the theory was developed in further detail, and [...]

3001 27712

Open Access Original Research

Antibody-Based Capture and Behaviour of Endothelial Cell Lines on Pre-Surface Modified Medical Grade Steel

Received: 25 January 2020;  Published: 27 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001008

Abstract

Coronary artery disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Coronary stents, tube-shaped medical implants that are placed in narrowed coronary arteries, have been used successfully in the management of this condition. However, re-narrowing (i.e. restenosis) of the artery can occur which is instigated by an immune response towards the implanted ‘foreign’ material. A new approach to prevent restenosis and reduce the stent-induced immune response has been proposed previously, which involve [...]

1593 10524

Open Access Review

Self-Consistent Theory of Screening and Transport in Narrow, Translation-Invariant Hall Bars under the Conditions of the Integer Quantum-Hall-Effect

Received: 11 November 2019;  Published: 17 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001007

Abstract

We summarize and discuss a self-consistent screening and magneto-transport theory, developed to understand the results of scanning-force-microscope experiments on the current distribution in a two-dimensional electron system (2DES), located in a narrow Hall bar under the conditions of the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) and its breakdown. The theory explains why, at low temperatures, at certain intervals of the applied perpendicular magnetic field, the current density is confined to “incompressible stripes” (ISs [...]

1926 15081

Open Access Case Report

Transient Phenomenon in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals

Received: 10 December 2019;  Published: 05 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001006

Abstract

In the present study, we report the experimental results related to the transient phenomenon, i.e., the time-dependent changes in the electro-optical properties of as-made polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films prepared by the UV-curing phase-separation method. This phenomenon occurs explicitly via polymer-induced phase separation when the matrix curing is not complete, some liquid crystal plasticized in the matrix, and some uncured pre-polymer components remain in the liquid crystal droplets. The outcome is [...]

2101 13777

Open Access Review

Biomedical Applications of Wrinkling Polymers

Received: 09 December 2019;  Published: 28 February 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001005

Abstract

Advancements in surface engineering and material fabrication techniques have enabled the creation and replication of naturally occurring surface topographies or the extrapolation of natural patterns to become achievable targets. Polymers are used extensively in the field of biomedical sciences for containment, handling, and as cell culture substrates. It is well established that several polymers exhibit good biocompatibility for cell culture, with properties that include exhibiting minimal to no cytotoxicity and be [...]

3081 21951

Open Access Original Research

Assessment of the Processing Method for the Development of Hybrid Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds

Received: 01 November 2019;  Published: 26 February 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001004

Abstract

The present study deals with the development of scaffolds based on gelatin (G) and/or chitosan (CH) through modifications in the central processing method. This process consists of the fabrication of a hydrogel which is, then submitted to a freeze-drying stage. To compare the effects of the different modifications, the mechanical properties of the various systems were characterized, employing both dynamic compressive strain and frequency sweep tests. In addition, their porosity as well as the structure and fiber di [...]

1995 10894

Open Access Original Research

Initial Adhesion Behavior of Osteoblast on Titanium with Sub-Micron Scale Roughness

Received: 18 September 2019;  Published: 14 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001003

Abstract

The surface roughness of titanium could regulate various cellular functions such as survival and growth. In the context of cell adhesion to materials, cell spreading and cell shape are also closely linked to various cellular functions. Previously, we found that Ti substrate with a 100-nm scale surface roughness reduced cell survival. However, effects of surface roughness on cell shape were not investigated. Herein, we quantified the initial adhesion behavior of osteoblasts on a Ti substrate with ~100 nm scale surfa [...]

2624 15297

Open Access Original Research

Relativistic Wigner Function for Quantum Walks

Received: 15 October 2019;  Published: 06 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001002

Abstract

A relativistic Wigner function for free Discrete Time Quantum Walks (DTQWs) on the square 2D space-time lattice is defined. The transport equation obeyed by the relativistic Wigner function is derived in terms of discrete derivatives and degenerates in the continuum limit into the transport equation obeyed by the Wigner function of 2D Dirac fermions. The first corrections to the continuous equation induced by the discreteness of the lattice are also determined and the similarities with non-quantum relativistic tran [...]

2137 15510

Open Access Original Research

Phase Equilibria of Flexible Polymer and Monomer Liquid Crystal Blends

Received: 05 December 2019;  Published: 03 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001001

Abstract

In this study, we explored the phase equilibria in blends of a nematic liquid crystal monomer and a nematic liquid crystal flexible polymer within the whole composition of the phase diagram. The crystal-nematic and nematic-isotropic transition temperatures, as well as the transition enthalpies and entropies, indicated the total miscibility in this mesogenic blend system. We also extracted an empirical axial ratio of 4.52 for the polymer from the nematic-isotropic transitions of the blends. Further, from the biphasi [...]

1880 10795

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