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Open Access Research Article

Mechanical and Rheological Properties of 3D Printable Cement Composites

Received: 29 July 2020;  Published: 23 October 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2004022

Abstract

Additive manufacturing is a recent revolution in the construction field since cementitious materials became printable. This extrusion technique has enabled the construction of very complex geometry with a reduction in costs, time and labour interventions. This study aims to evaluate the possibility of reinforcing 3D printable cementitious composites with the use of nano and micro materials, particularly nano silica, micro silica and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) which are known for their ability to enhance the f [...]

2655 12547

Open Access Review

Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Fabrication of Bone Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

Received: 26 June 2020;  Published: 08 September 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003021

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) as a modern and more effective treatment for bone defects has recently received lots of attention. One of the pivotal parts of BTE is the “scaffold”, which functions as an indwelling carrier of cells and additives, as well as, providing a foundation for cell growth and eventually forming new, native-like bone. Up to now, many methods and materials have been employed to manufacture bone scaffolds. This review focuses on providing both basic knowledge of BTE as well as possible methods o [...]

5021 33852

Open Access Research Article

Wave Propagation and Scattering due to Debonding in CFRP Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

Received: 28 May 2020;  Published: 27 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003020

Abstract

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems as sheets or plates are commonly used to strengthen and retrofit damaged reinforced concrete beams. In general, the bond between the FRP element and concrete defines the effectiveness of the externally bonded FRP materials. In most cases, the interface bonding behaviour is usually tested via static loading conditions. In this paper, the bonding is verified under dynamic conditions. Wave propagation is modelled in delaminated CFRP strengthened reinforced concrete beam. [...]

2513 12673

Open Access Research Article

Enhanced Long-term Antithrombogenicity Instigated by Covalently-Attached Surface Modifier on Biomedical Polymers

Received: 03 May 2020;  Published: 18 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003019

Abstract

During a variety of medical procedures such as renal dialysis, bypass surgery, and lung transplantation patient blood is exposed to the surface of a number of polymeric materials such as polycarbonate (PC), poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polysulfone (PS) for a period up to several days. Such exposure may result in undesirable protein-material interactions that can potentially trigger deleterious biological processes including thrombosis, which may be responsible for other complications such as cognitive disability [...]

2703 11667

Open Access Review

Using Acoustic Fields to Fabricate ECM-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Applications

Received: 22 March 2020;  Published: 21 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003018

Abstract

Ultrasound is emerging as a promising tool for both characterizing and fabricating engineered biomaterials. Ultrasound-based technologies offer a diverse toolbox with outstanding capacity for optimization and customization within a variety of therapeutic contexts, including improved extracellular matrix-based materials for regenerative medicine applications. Non-invasive ultrasound fabrication tools include the use of thermal and mechanical effects of acoustic waves to modify the structure and function of extracell [...]

3155 16390

Open Access Short Review

Bio-Based Substances from the Compost of Bio-Waste for Decontamination of Waste Water

Received: 25 April 2020;  Published: 01 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003017

Abstract

A literature survey shows that the valorization of urban and/or agricultural biowastes into chemicals has caught the attention of experts and is gradually becoming quite an important issue. This review presents the application of the Bio-Based Substances (BBS) isolated from the compost of bio-wastes from urban gardening and park trimming residues. The non-cost BBS has been well studied in the literature. BBS are biological macromolecules with a complex lignin-derived structure containing several functional groups, [...]

2296 11148

Open Access Research Article

Dirac's Spectrum from Newton’s Laws in Graphene

Received: 17 March 2020;  Published: 01 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2003016

Abstract

The present report provides a phenomenological theory for monolayer graphene, in which two worlds, the quantum and the classical, meet and complete each other in the most natural manner. In the present report, electron mass-vortex representation is introduced, and the surface tension excitation states in the monolayer graphene are defined. The band-mass of the electrons at the Dirac’s point was calculated through the mathematical introduction of a mass-dispersion relation. As a consequence, the Dirac’s [...]

2408 14681

Open Access Review

Effects of Quantum Confinement of Hydrogen in Nanocavities – Experimental INS Results and New Insights

Received: 31 March 2020;  Published: 23 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002015

Abstract

Current developments of non-relativistic quantum mechanics appear to predict, and reveal, counter-intuitive dynamical effects of hydrogen in nanostructured materials that are of considerable importance for basic research as well as for technological applications. In this review, the experimental focus is on H2O and H molecules in carbon nanotubes and other nanocavities that have been experimentally investigated using the well-established technique of incoherent inelastic neutron scattering (INS). For instance, the [...]

2862 13658

Open Access Original Research

Enhancement of String Tension Using Thin-Film Metallic Glass Coatings

Received: 16 May 2020;  Published: 15 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002014

Abstract

Inspired by the application of metallic glass sheet as face material for improving the performance of golf clubs, the present work was aimed to explore the application of thin-film metallic glass (TFMG) coatings for enhancing the performance of strings. In order to achieve this aim, badminton strings were coated with TFMG coatings of different thicknesses. The compositions of these TFMG coatings were analyzed using an electron probe micro-analyzer. The amorphous structure of the film was verified using X-ray diffra [...]

2416 11157

Open Access Original Research

Polystyrene Topography Sticker Array for Cell-Based Assays

Received: 15 March 2020;  Published: 14 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002013

Abstract

Cells can respond to different topographical cues in their natural microenvironment. Hence, scientists have employed microfabrication techniques and materials to generate culture substrates containing topographies for cell-based assays. However, one of the limitations of custom topographical platforms is the lack of adoption by the broad research community. These techniques and materials have high costs, require high technical expertise, and can leach components that may introduce artifacts. In this study, we devel [...]

2528 13219

Open Access Review

The Use of Biomaterials in Internal Radiation Therapy

Received: 18 March 2020;  Published: 12 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002012

Abstract

Radiotherapy has become one of the most prominent and effective modalities for cancer treatment and care. Ionising radiation, delivered either from external or internal sources, can be targeted to cancerous cells causing damage to DNA that can induce apoptosis. External beam radiotherapy delivers either photon radiation (x-rays or gamma rays) or particle radiation (neutrons or protons) in a targeted manner to specific tumour locations. Internal radiotherapy involves placing radioactive sources within the body to de [...]

3677 22862

Open Access Technical Note

Innovation in Skin Regeneration: Novel Approaches with β-1,3/1,6-Glucan-Based Treatments

Received: 06 April 2020;  Published: 11 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002011

Abstract

Skin regeneration is a multidisciplinary topic that involves plastic surgery, aesthetics, and dermatology. In the last few years, several molecules have been used to prevent or delay the skin aging process. Recently, promising investigations on novel β-1,3/1,6-glucan-based treatments, associated with sodium hyaluronate, have demonstrated the induction of a naïve biological stimulus in soft tissues. Serum Revitalizing Face (Lot 00118a0051 of 11/19/2018 approved by the Italian Ministry of Health as a Medical Device-C [...]

2182 11956

Open Access Original Research

Mechano-Vibrational Spectroscopy of Tissues and Materials Using Vibrational Optical Coherence Tomography: A New Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Technique

Received: 04 February 2020;  Published: 29 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002010

Abstract

Elastic moduli of tissues and synthetic polymeric materials are important design properties needed to develop new implants. In this paper we report the use of vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) to measure the resonant frequency and calculate the modulus of tissues and synthetic polymers non-invasively and non-destructively in vitro and in vivo. Values of tissue and polymer moduli were obtained by applying an audible sinusoidal sound wave to the surface of each specimen. The sound wave travels to the in [...]

3955 28034

Open Access Original Research

Quantum Decoherence in Dense Media: A Few Examples

Received: 29 December 2019;  Published: 13 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2002009

Abstract

Decoherence is a relatively recent concept in the field of quantum mechanics. Although the pioneers of the field must have understood that loss of phase coherence in quantum superpositions is the reason underlying the appearance of definite outcomes in the quantum measurement problem, the latter was not treated in terms of decoherence until sixty years after the formulation of quantum mechanics as described in a report by Joos and Zeh in 1983 [1]. However, soon after, the theory was developed in further detail, and [...]

3281 28861

Open Access Original Research

Antibody-Based Capture and Behaviour of Endothelial Cell Lines on Pre-Surface Modified Medical Grade Steel

Received: 25 January 2020;  Published: 27 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001008

Abstract

Coronary artery disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Coronary stents, tube-shaped medical implants that are placed in narrowed coronary arteries, have been used successfully in the management of this condition. However, re-narrowing (i.e. restenosis) of the artery can occur which is instigated by an immune response towards the implanted ‘foreign’ material. A new approach to prevent restenosis and reduce the stent-induced immune response has been proposed previously, which involve [...]

1861 11105

Open Access Review

Self-Consistent Theory of Screening and Transport in Narrow, Translation-Invariant Hall Bars under the Conditions of the Integer Quantum-Hall-Effect

Received: 11 November 2019;  Published: 17 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001007

Abstract

We summarize and discuss a self-consistent screening and magneto-transport theory, developed to understand the results of scanning-force-microscope experiments on the current distribution in a two-dimensional electron system (2DES), located in a narrow Hall bar under the conditions of the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) and its breakdown. The theory explains why, at low temperatures, at certain intervals of the applied perpendicular magnetic field, the current density is confined to “incompressible stripes” (ISs [...]

2203 15828

Open Access Case Report

Transient Phenomenon in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals

Received: 10 December 2019;  Published: 05 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001006

Abstract

In the present study, we report the experimental results related to the transient phenomenon, i.e., the time-dependent changes in the electro-optical properties of as-made polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films prepared by the UV-curing phase-separation method. This phenomenon occurs explicitly via polymer-induced phase separation when the matrix curing is not complete, some liquid crystal plasticized in the matrix, and some uncured pre-polymer components remain in the liquid crystal droplets. The outcome is [...]

2341 14467

Open Access Review

Biomedical Applications of Wrinkling Polymers

Received: 09 December 2019;  Published: 28 February 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001005

Abstract

Advancements in surface engineering and material fabrication techniques have enabled the creation and replication of naturally occurring surface topographies or the extrapolation of natural patterns to become achievable targets. Polymers are used extensively in the field of biomedical sciences for containment, handling, and as cell culture substrates. It is well established that several polymers exhibit good biocompatibility for cell culture, with properties that include exhibiting minimal to no cytotoxicity and be [...]

3412 22971

Open Access Original Research

Assessment of the Processing Method for the Development of Hybrid Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds

Received: 01 November 2019;  Published: 26 February 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001004

Abstract

The present study deals with the development of scaffolds based on gelatin (G) and/or chitosan (CH) through modifications in the central processing method. This process consists of the fabrication of a hydrogel which is, then submitted to a freeze-drying stage. To compare the effects of the different modifications, the mechanical properties of the various systems were characterized, employing both dynamic compressive strain and frequency sweep tests. In addition, their porosity as well as the structure and fiber di [...]

2341 11632

Open Access Original Research

Initial Adhesion Behavior of Osteoblast on Titanium with Sub-Micron Scale Roughness

Received: 18 September 2019;  Published: 14 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001003

Abstract

The surface roughness of titanium could regulate various cellular functions such as survival and growth. In the context of cell adhesion to materials, cell spreading and cell shape are also closely linked to various cellular functions. Previously, we found that Ti substrate with a 100-nm scale surface roughness reduced cell survival. However, effects of surface roughness on cell shape were not investigated. Herein, we quantified the initial adhesion behavior of osteoblasts on a Ti substrate with ~100 nm scale surfa [...]

2998 16089

Open Access Original Research

Relativistic Wigner Function for Quantum Walks

Received: 15 October 2019;  Published: 06 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001002

Abstract

A relativistic Wigner function for free Discrete Time Quantum Walks (DTQWs) on the square 2D space-time lattice is defined. The transport equation obeyed by the relativistic Wigner function is derived in terms of discrete derivatives and degenerates in the continuum limit into the transport equation obeyed by the Wigner function of 2D Dirac fermions. The first corrections to the continuous equation induced by the discreteness of the lattice are also determined and the similarities with non-quantum relativistic tran [...]

2427 16372

Open Access Original Research

Phase Equilibria of Flexible Polymer and Monomer Liquid Crystal Blends

Received: 05 December 2019;  Published: 03 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.2001001

Abstract

In this study, we explored the phase equilibria in blends of a nematic liquid crystal monomer and a nematic liquid crystal flexible polymer within the whole composition of the phase diagram. The crystal-nematic and nematic-isotropic transition temperatures, as well as the transition enthalpies and entropies, indicated the total miscibility in this mesogenic blend system. We also extracted an empirical axial ratio of 4.52 for the polymer from the nematic-isotropic transitions of the blends. Further, from the biphasi [...]

2086 11314

Open Access Original Research

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles to Tune Oxidative Degradation Rates in Composite Shape Memory Polymers

Received: 12 September 2019;  Published: 31 December 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1904008

Abstract

Biomedical applications of shape memory polymers (SMPs) are limited by their biostability, degradability, and possible toxicity risks after implantation. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were used to increase the oxidative biostability (increase time until degradation occurs) using antioxidants and to induce oxidative degradation through incorporation of hydrogen peroxide-containing MSNs with modified surfaces. The presented results confirm increased oxidative stability using antioxidants, and alternatively, [...]

2295 12304

Open Access Research Article

Silk-CNT Mediated Fibroblast Stimulation toward Chronic Wound Repair

Received: 30 October 2019;  Published: 18 December 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1904007

Abstract

Background:Diabetic patients suffer from chronic wounds partly due to altered function of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts of diabetic patients synthesize collagen I (COLI) at a much higher level than collagen III (COLIII), resulting in delayed tissue granulation and, consequently, a delay in the overall wound healing process. Methods:We aimed to revive the matrix protein productivity of diabetic fibroblasts by employing aligned, electrically conductive and biocompatible spider silk-CNT fibers as a cell culture matrix to m [...]

2956 14488

Open Access Review

Engineering Bacterial Cellulose for Diverse Biomedical Applications

Received: 15 September 2019;  Published: 25 November 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1904006

Abstract

Increasing interest in bacterial cellulose due to the huge potential which exists for the development of this new biomaterial for medical applications has been met with recent growth in research in engineering this unique microbial manufactured material. The mechanical properties, porosity, and biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose derived biomaterials are particularly attractive for use in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery applications. Advances in synthetic biology and soft materials engineer [...]

3902 24050

Open Access Research Article

Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy Deposition of Ultrathin SnTe Films

Received: 06 September 2019;  Published: 29 October 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1904005

Abstract

Tin telluride (SnTe) ultrathin films were deposited electrochemically on polycrystalline and monocrystalline gold substrates using the electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE) method. The electrochemical behaviors of Sn and Te were studied systematically by means of cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry curves for Sn displayed a broad peak in the region between -0.15 V and -0.35 V, which was related to the under-potential deposition (UPD), while the curves for Te displayed a peak at 0.3 V for Te UPD. X-ray pho [...]

2397 91066

Open Access Original Research

Formulation-Properties of Novel Ibuprofen-Loaded Soy Protein Wound Dressings

Received: 31 July 2019;  Published: 11 October 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1904004

Abstract

Background:Wound management is an important field in medical care, as annually, millions of wounds require treatment worldwide. Soy protein is highly biocompatible, easily processed, and a relatively cheap natural polymer, which can be used for wound dressing applications. Methods:In this study, solvent cast soy protein films, plasticized by glycerol and cross-linked by glyoxal, were thermally treated and their mechanical properties were evaluated as a function of various processing parameters. Samples were then lo [...]

2667 11297

Open Access Review

Super-Resolution of Nano-Materials and Quantum Effects Obtained by Microspheres

Received: 29 July 2019;  Published: 04 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1903003

Abstract

In this article, microsphere super-resolution, which are beyond the Abbe classical limit, are described. The conversion of evanescent waves into propagating waves is analyzed by using the geometry of the microsphere. In microsphere experiments, a nanojet is produced near the focal plane, where its width is smaller than the Abbe limit and remains unchanged in the axial direction for certain wavelengths. The interference between the evanescent waves being converted into propagating waves and the nanojet leads to an i [...]

2375 11116

Open Access Project Report

Evaluation of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) for Passive Rear Projection Screen Application

Received: 24 June 2019;  Published: 07 August 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1903002

Abstract

In the past few years, there have been many attempts to commercialize Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) for Rear Projection Screen (RPS) in electrically switchable films and glass products. This application is based on the exceptional image quality of PDLC at a wide viewing angle. However, due to the high price of conventional switchable PDLC privacy glass, the integration of RPS in PDLC failed to attract large multimedia and entertainment markets. An obvious solution to this problem is the independent develo [...]

3894 25238

Open Access Opinion

Valued Applications of Lignin Nanoparticles

Received: 08 March 2019;  Published: 26 April 2019;  doi: 10.21926/rpm.1902001

Abstract

Technical lignins from the biorefinery, pulp, and paper industries are largely underutilized, even though this aromatic and randomly structured biopolymer could be an interesting raw material for advanced applications in addition to bulk daily goods. Recently, colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) have gained much of the research interests due to the attractive multi-functional properties of the biopolymer. Utilization of lignin in nanoparticulate morphology resolves most of the drawbacks when using lignin (heterogenei [...]

3404 19179

Open Access Review

Effectiveness of Preoperative Orientation on the Incidence of Delirium in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Scoping Review

Received: 22 January 2026;  Published: 14 September 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603353

Abstract

Postoperative delirium (POD) constitutes a frequent but severe complication that develops after patients undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. The condition results in extended stays in intensive care units, together with functional deterioration, higher medical expenses, and increased death rates. This review analyzes preoperative orientation programs based on implementation evidence demonstrating their effectiveness in reducing postoperative delirium rates among adult CABG patients. The research [...]

108 257

Open Access Original Research

Modern Vision Transformer Models for Accurate and Explainable Brain Tumor MRI Classification

Received: 06 June 2026;  Published: 09 September 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603352

Abstract

Accurate brain tumor classification from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains difficult because glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumors may exhibit overlapping enhancement, morphology, and slice-dependent appearance. This study presents a controlled comparison of Vision Transformer, Data-efficient Image Transformer (DeiT), Swin Transformer, BEiT, and EVA-02 under a common image-level protocol. The public Epic and CSCR Hospital Dataset record describes 12,064 preprocessed T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI image [...]

154 432

Open Access Original Research

Precision Brain Tumour Diagnosis with Convolutional Recurrent Attention Networks

Received: 25 May 2026;  Published: 28 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603351

Abstract

Histological heterogeneity and complex imaging patterns make brain tumour diagnosis difficult. In order to make timely clinical decisions and plan personalised treatment, MRI multi-class brain tumour classification must be accurate. Expert evaluation in conventional image interpretation increases diagnostic burden and inter-observer variability. While current AI-based tumour classification methods have improved, learning discriminative spatial-contextual representations and giving clinically relevant model interpre [...]

255 760

Open Access Original Research

Incorporating Video Feedback into a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Treating Childhood Anxiety: Initial Findings after Delivering Super Skills for Life

Received: 25 November 2025;  Published: 27 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603350

Abstract

The present study examined the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic intervention programme, Super Skills for Life (SSL), in children with clinical anxiety. SSL, in addition to the principles of cognitive and behavioral therapy, also incorporates video feedback and cognitive preparation as essential components of the treatment. The program was implemented in a clinical population in an NHS community child mental health unit. The sample consisted of 23 Greek-speaking elementary school children diagnosed with at least o [...]

246 817

Open Access Review

Mapping the Heterogeneity of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Multi-Omics Integration Studies

Received: 05 January 2026;  Published: 25 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603349

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a widespread heterogeneity as per the psychiatric nosology, and traditional symptom-based diagnosis frameworks do not offer many clues regarding tailored therapy techniques. The recent development of multi-omics and data-driven solutions has now provided evidence for pathophysiologically different subtypes of MDD, moving the field toward precision psychiatry. The systematic review aggregates multimodal studies that combing neuroimaging, genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, met [...]

428 1123

Open Access Original Research

Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Pituitary Adenoma: A Single-Center, Cross-Sectional Study from Surabaya, Indonesia (2016-2020)

Received: 04 January 2026;  Published: 24 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603348

Abstract

Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign tumor, accounting for the majority of pituitary tumors. While extensive epidemiological data on PA exists globally, such data is limited in Indonesia. Epidemiological insights are crucial as disease patterns, including PA, can be ethnicity-dependent, and the incidence may differ across countries. This study aimed to address this gap by conducting a cross-sectional study at a primary hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, involving PA participants diagnosed between 2016 and 2020. The col [...]

383 910

Open Access Case Report

Moyamoya Disease in an 18-Month-Old Child with Down Syndrome: A Case Report, Surgical Management, and Literature Review

Received: 28 April 2026;  Published: 21 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603347

Abstract

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by stenosis of the terminal portion of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and the formation of an abnormal collateral vascular network at the skull base. This condition was first described by Suzuki and Takaku in 1969. This case report aims to describe the surgical management and the pathological and physiological characteristics of moyamoya disease in a child, focusing on a rare case involving an infant with Down syndrome [...]

338 922

Open Access Review

The Role of Adaptive Immune Response in Alzheimer’s Disease: Focus on Amyloid Beta-Reactive T Cells and Amyloid Beta-Specific Antibodies

Received: 03 January 2026;  Published: 21 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603346

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases among older people. Generally, there are two main pathologies of Alzheimer’s disease, including the accumulation of amyloid beta and the hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated Tau protein in the brain. Recently, more studies have discovered that changes in the immune system can be one of the causes of amyloid-beta deposits. Amyloid-beta is a product of the breakdown of the glycoprotein amyloid precursor protein, a transmembrane [...]

356 987

Open Access Review

Computational Approaches to PTSD in the Middle East

Received: 17 December 2025;  Published: 11 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603345

Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) poses a major mental health threat in the Middle East, where people experience ongoing conflict, displacement, and trauma. This study summarizes the use of computational and data-driven approaches, including machine learning (ML), biomarker identification, network analysis, and factor analysis, to understand, diagnose, and treat PTSD in the Middle East. A detailed search of the Scopus database led to the inclusion of only relevant original/research studies that met strict inclus [...]

740 1501

Open Access Original Research

Knowledge and Information in Epistemic Dynamics

Received: 27 March 2026;  Published: 11 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603344

Abstract

This paper proposes a general theory of cognitive systems that inverts the conventional relationship between information and knowledge. While classical approaches define knowledge as the byproduct of processed information, we establish knowledge as a primitive concept and formulate information as a measure emerging from the process of assimilating knowledge. The epistemic measure of information provides a formal counterpart to Piaget’s assimilation-accommodation paradigm, expressed in terms of knowledge encoding co [...]

488 1170

Open Access Review

Neurobiological Effects of the Functional Magnetic Stimulation Chair: What Do We Know and What Do We Still Have to Discover? A Narrative Review

Received: 26 January 2026;  Published: 09 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603343

Abstract

This narrative literature review aims to examine and hypothesize about the neurobiological effects of the Tesla Functional Magnetic Stimulation (FMS) chair through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and arXiv databases. A critical finding emerged: published research specifically investigating the Tesla FMS chair and its neurobiological mechanisms is extremely limited. Among the papers identified and ranked by relevance, only one study directly examined a Tesla-branded FMS chai [...]

507 1311

Open Access Review

Dual-Task Training and Walking Performance After Stroke: Neurological and Functional Perspectives

Received: 19 January 2026;  Published: 06 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603342

Abstract

Post-stroke ambulation demands significant cognitive regulation, particularly in complex environments that require concurrent motor and cognitive processing. Challenges in the coordination between cognitive functions and motor skills lead to reduced adaptability in walking, an increased fall risk, and limitations in moving around the community among stroke survivors. To integrate recent evidence on dual-task gait training post-stroke, with particular focus on the neurological mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor i [...]

491 1415

Open Access Original Research

Digital Stress, Sleep Quality, and Emotion Regulation as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being Among Migrant University Students in the United Arab Emirates

Received: 14 March 2026;  Published: 22 July 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603341

Abstract

The proliferation of digital technology has introduced novel stressors that may disproportionately affect migrant adolescents and young adults, a growing demographic in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study aimed to investigate the associations between digital stress, emotion regulation, sleep quality, and psychological well-being (depression and anxiety) in this population. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted with 275 multinational migrant university students (≥18 years) residing in the UAE. P [...]

817 2164

Open Access Original Research

Clinical-Neurological Features and Cognitive Deficit in Chronic Alcoholic Encephalopathies

Received: 09 March 2026;  Published: 06 July 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603340

Abstract

The article presents a comprehensive clinical, neurological, and neuropsychological analysis of chronic alcoholic encephalopathy (CAE) as a systemic toxic-metabolic lesion of the central nervous system, characterized by a stage-dependent progressive course that is not a direct equivalent of the stages of alcohol dependence. Based on the examination of 66 patients with CAE of varying severity, the disease is shown to involve a combination of diffuse neurological symptoms (cerebellar, vestibular, pyramidal, sensorimo [...]

731 2022

Open Access Original Research

Association of EGF +61A/G (rs4444903) Polymorphism and Serum EGF Levels with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case–Control Study

Received: 27 December 2025;  Published: 15 June 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602339

Abstract

Research has demonstrated the significant role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in synaptic plasticity and the pathogenesis of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to assess the correlation between EGF +61A/G (rs4444903) polymorphism and its serum level with ASD. Blood samples were collected from 200 ASD and 200 controls for DNA extraction, and genotyping was carried out using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Additionally, EGF serum concentration was determined using enzyme-linked immuno [...]

819 1898

Open Access Original Research

Psychosocial Death Education in Schools: Insights from Experienced Practitioners

Received: 21 November 2025;  Published: 29 May 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602338

Abstract

Death Education is an emerging field aimed at developing psychological and social competencies for engaging with death and dying. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 17 professionals—including psychologists, teachers, and spiritual counselors—implementing Death Education interventions in schools. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed thematically, revealing four key domains: (1) facilitators’ personal relationship with death and motivation; (2) children’s and adolescents’ representations of death; [...]

1005 2365

Open Access Review

The Integration of Cognitive Neuroscience Principles in Communication Education: A Comprehensive Review of Curricular Designs and Skill Transfer Efficacy

Received: 02 November 2025;  Published: 18 May 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602337

Abstract

This review explores the integration of cognitive neuroscience principles into communication education, focusing on how neuroscience-informed curricular designs enhance skill acquisition and transfer. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across primary scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC, to identify relevant studies published between 2014 and 2025. Following a multi-stage screening process based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 peer-reviewed scienti [...]

1157 3068

Open Access Original Research

Breaking Cognitive Barriers: Comparing Neurobic and Aerobic Approaches in Dementia Care

Received: 04 December 2025;  Published: 09 May 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602336

Abstract

The study aimed to compare the effects of neurobic and aerobic approaches in Dementia care. Dementia is a progressive brain disorder that leads to a decline in cognitive abilities, including thinking, reasoning, and memory. In India, it is estimated that 74% of adults aged 60 and older are affected, totaling around 8.8 million individuals. Neurobics refers to exercises designed to enhance oxygen flow and invigorate the brain by engaging in novel activities, situations, or experiences. This may include attending liv [...]

2154 3645

Open Access Case Report

Rehabilitation in a Patient with Spastic Quadriplegia and Pneumonia: The Physiatrist’s Point of View Through the Analysis of a Case Report

Received: 17 September 2025;  Published: 08 May 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602335

Abstract

Patients with severe neurological sequelae often experience profound motor deconditioning that, combined with impaired mucociliary clearance, reduced lung volume, and the presence of tracheostomy, predisposes them to pulmonary infections and serious respiratory complications. A 24-year-old male with spastic quadriplegia secondary to childhood cerebral hemorrhage from an arteriovenous malformation, tracheostomy with a cuffed cannula under mechanical ventilation, and hydrocephalus treated with a ventriculoperitoneal [...]

907 2415

Open Access Review

Neurotransmitters in the Modulation of Stress: A Bibliometric Mapping and Visual Analysis (2000–2023)

Received: 09 November 2025;  Published: 05 May 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602334

Abstract

Stress is a multifaceted response involving physiological, psychological, and behavioural processes, with neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine playing key modulatory roles. This study aimed to map global research trends on stress and neurotransmitters, identify thematic clusters, and highlight emerging frontiers relevant to health and disease. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 4,132 publications indexed in Scopus between 2000 and 2023. Data were retrieved and processed using Exce [...]

1022 2511

Open Access Review

Exposure to Environmental Toxicants: Glymphatic System Dysfunction and Its Implications on Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Received: 30 October 2025;  Published: 27 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602333

Abstract

The glymphatic system is a glia-dependent network surrounding blood vessels that facilitates the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid, playing a crucial role in clearing neuro-metabolites from the brain. This system’s efficiency in transporting waste significantly increases during non-rapid eye movement non-REM sleep. Recent findings suggests that malfunctioning of the glymphatic system might be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a [...]

1306 4149

Open Access Review

The Prevalence of Autism in the World: An Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis

Received: 05 December 2025;  Published: 13 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602332

Abstract

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent challenges in social interactions and repetitive behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of autism and autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in normal and abnormal groups, such as premature infants or seizure patients, using an umbrella review and meta-analysis. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Scientific sources included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and searches were conducted with [...]

1364 4210

Open Access Review

The Multi-Biophysical Nature of Computation in Brain Neural Networks

Received: 04 August 2025;  Published: 13 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602331

Abstract

Comprehending the nature of nerve communication is fundamental to our understanding of the functioning of nervous systems in general. The ionic mechanisms underlying action potentials in the squid giant axon were first described by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952, and their findings have formed our orthodox view of how the physiological action potential functions. However, substantial evidence has now accumulated to show that the action potential is accompanied by a synchronized coupled soliton pressure pulse in the cel [...]

962 2593

Open Access Review

Linking Brain, Hormones, and Metabolism: Pathophysiology and Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Cardiometabolic Side Effects

Received: 22 October 2025;  Published: 09 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602330

Abstract

This narrative review explores the pathophysiological consequences, neuroendocrine processes, and treatment approaches aimed at reducing the cardiometabolic adverse effects linked to antipsychotic medications; in particular, it highlights recent mechanistic advances in receptor-mediated metabolic dysregulation and emerging therapeutic implications. Schizophrenia, which is a long-term and debilitating disorder, correlates with a substantially shorter life expectancy (15-20 years less than that of the general populac [...]

1752 5978

Open Access Research Article

Central Post-Stroke Pain: Frequency, Clinical Characteristics, and Associated Factors

Received: 09 December 2025;  Published: 27 March 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601329

Abstract

Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a frequently underrecognized complication that contributes to long-term disability among stroke survivors. This study aimed to determine the frequency of CPSP and to describe its clinical characteristics and associated factors among stroke patients treated at Arifin Achmad General Hospital. A cross-sectional design was employed and included adult stroke patients with diagnoses confirmed by neuroimaging. CPSP was diagnosed based on the clinical criteria proposed by Klit et al., and [...]

1028 3762

Open Access Original Research

Image Generation Inspired by Electroencephalography for Neuromarketing Applications Using Extracted Features from Transformer-Based Models

Received: 25 September 2025;  Published: 10 March 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601328

Abstract

The design of products in Neuromarketing using machine learning methods has been a continuous challenge in Computer-aided design. Previously, deep learning techniques have been applied to generate random images for domains such as furniture, fashion, and product design. However, using deep generative methods requires a large amount of data and overlooks human aspects in the design process. This paper aims to extract human perceptual factors from brain signals using a Transformer-based model and involve them in arti [...]

1382 3780

Open Access Review

Migraine Surgery: Assessment of the Prevalence and Surgical Outcomes of Different Trigger Sites

Received: 14 November 2025;  Published: 28 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601327

Abstract

Migraine surgery is primarily indicated for patients with chronic migraine who are refractory to conventional pharmacological treatments. The procedure aims to deactivate peripheral trigger sites—anatomical zones where migraines can be triggered by nerve compression and irritation. The most common trigger areas are the frontal, occipital, and temporal. This review seeks to analyse the prevalence of treatment and corresponding success rates for these three main trigger sites. A systematic review was conducted on Pub [...]

1242 4074

Open Access Original Research

Aversion But Not Aggression: Emotional Traits of KM Rats in Sociability Tests

Received: 28 September 2025;  Published: 25 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601326

Abstract

The inbred Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rat strain, characterized by latent genetic epilepsy, reduced social motivation, and a high propensity for freezing, is a promising model for translational research of social deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In clinical practice, social deficits often lead to social withdrawal and can be accompanied by aggression. It was unknown if KM rats exhibit such aggression during inescapable social encounters. We assessed intraspecific aggression in KM and control rats using th [...]

1401 3143

Open Access Original Research

Examining the Pre-Hospital Workflow of Stroke Patients Referred with Code SAMA (724) and their Outcome in the Emergency Department of Imam Reza Hospital (AS)

Received: 22 February 2025;  Published: 25 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601325

Abstract

The "Sama Code" is a protocol implemented in Iranian pre-hospital emergency services to manage time and treat patients with suspected stroke symptoms based on the FAST criteria. This study aims to analyze the workflow of patients with stroke symptoms transferred under the Sama Code. All patients with neurological symptoms who were brought to Imam Reza Hospital by pre-hospital emergency services after activating the Sama Code during the years 2021 and 2022 were included in the study. Data were collected from pre-hos [...]

1124 2807

Open Access Original Research

The Impact of Governmental and Workplace Measures on the Employment Sustainability of Chronically Ill Individuals

Received: 03 November 2025;  Published: 12 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601324

Abstract

Using a two-stage qualitative design (Stage 1: expert interviews; Stage 2: biographical interviews with people with MS), existing governmental and organizational support measures for maintaining the work capacity of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) were analyzed, and proposals for improvement were developed. Additional state support measures were proposed, including relaxing the criteria for state assistance, creating a centralized contact point for MS-specific inquiries, and enhancing collaboration between [...]

1107 2504

Open Access Review

Advancing Mathematical Learning in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder through Serious Games and Educational Robotics: A Mini Review

Received: 04 November 2025;  Published: 10 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601323

Abstract

Mathematical learning often presents persistent challenges for children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) due to differences in Executive Functioning (EF), cognitive flexibility, and symbolic reasoning. These factors can hinder the development of numerical understanding and pre-mathematical reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking, frequently resulting in disengagement and anxiety. In recent years, digital and embodied technologies—particularly Serious Games (SG) and Educational Robotics [...]

1854 5682

Open Access Review

Exposure to Mycotoxins: Neurological Disorders and Psychiatric Manifestations

Received: 27 October 2025;  Published: 09 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601322

Abstract

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi and molds, have negative health impacts on both humans and animals. They are commonly found in foods such as nuts, coffee, cereals, and grains, particularly in regions with warm, humid climates. Among the most prevalent mycotoxins in these foods are aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, patulin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). The presence of mold capable of producing mycotoxins within food contributes to an elevated risk of various illnesses, including those r [...]

2854 12316

Open Access Commentary

Targeting Neuroinflammation in Difficult-to-Treat Depression: From Anti-Inflammatory Agents to Multi-Target Immunopsychiatric Interventions

Received: 30 July 2025;  Published: 27 January 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601321

Abstract

Difficult-to-treat depression (DTD) with inflammatory features (e.g., hs-CRP ≥3 mg/L and/or elevated IL-6) may represent a clinically and biologically distinct presentation characterized by chronicity, functional impairment, prominent cognitive-motivational symptoms, and suboptimal response to conventional treatments. Classical anti-inflammatory strategies (e.g., COX-2 inhibitors or cytokine-targeting biologics) have shown signals of efficacy in selected biomarker-enriched subgroups; however, overall evidence remai [...]

2036 5813

Open Access Perspective

Optimizing Psychopharmacotherapy Using Personality Biomarkers: A Seven-Factor Model Perspective

Received: 19 September 2025;  Published: 26 January 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601320

Abstract

Personalized psychopharmacotherapy remains a critical yet underdeveloped frontier in psychiatry, as traditional approaches often fail to address substantial interindividual variability in drug efficacy and tolerability. While demographic, clinical, and genetic factors have improved treatment precision, they do not fully account for observed heterogeneity. Recent advances highlight the promise of personality traits, particularly as operationalized by Cloninger’s Seven-Factor Model, as novel biomarkers for treatment [...]

1453 3737

Open Access Original Research

Evidence for an Impact of Super Skills for Life on Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Greek Anxious Children

Received: 23 September 2025;  Published: 22 January 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601319

Abstract

Super Skills for Life (SSL) is a transdiagnostic psychoeducational program designed for children with anxiety and depressive symptoms based on cognitive-behavioral therapy. Empirically documented studies to date have demonstrated its immediate and long-term effectiveness in different contexts. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the SSL program to reduce emotional and behavioral difficulties in a clinical sample of Greek-speaking primary school children aged 6 to 12. The program was implemented over [...]

1364 3672

Open Access Short Review

The Role of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Chemical Neuroscience: Implications for Drug Development

Received: 03 May 2025;  Published: 04 January 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601318

Abstract

The study explores the crucial biological function of nitrogen in cyclic and acyclic structures with resonance potential, including tetrazoles, pyrroles, piperidines, and carbamates, within the realm of chemical neuroscience. It highlights the importance of these compounds for their biological properties and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the central nervous system (CNS). The study emphasizes the necessity for neurochemical drugs, like morphine, to effectively cross the BBB, as modifi [...]

1514 4572

Open Access Editorial

Acknowledgment to Reviewers of OBM Neurobiology in 2025

Received: 04 January 2026;  Published: 04 January 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601317

Abstract

The editors of OBM Neurobiology would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2025. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers can download a certificate of recognition directly from our submission system. Additionally, reviewers can sign up to the Web of [...]

1206 2450

Open Access Original Research

Psychological Flexibility in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comparative Study with Healthy Controls

Received: 09 March 2025;  Published: 31 December 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504316

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the psychological flexibility of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) compared to healthy controls. Psychological flexibility is a key construct related to mental health and adaptive functioning, and understanding its levels in BPD can provide insight into symptom severity and treatment outcomes. The study included 58 individuals diagnosed with BPD and 62 healthy volunteer controls, all meeting specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants completed [...]

1163 3914

Open Access Review

Neurobiology of Cancer Pain: A Narrative Review

Received: 10 September 2025;  Published: 12 December 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504315

Abstract

Chronic cancer pain results from the complex interaction of nociceptive, neuropathic, and neuroimmune mechanisms, which vary according to tumor type, location, stage, and treatment history. Recent advances in cancer neuroscience have reframed pain as a dynamic manifestation of reciprocal tumor–nerve–immune interactions, rather than a mere consequence of tissue damage. In this model, malignant, stromal, and immune cells remodel nociceptive circuits at peripheral and central levels. This narrative review, conducted i [...]

2428 7351

Open Access Review

The Relationship between Hereditary Predisposition and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Schizophrenia Development

Received: 17 August 2025;  Published: 08 December 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504314

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial mental disorder associated with multiple SNPs in the human genome, located mainly outside the annotated protein-coding genes. These regions contain a large number of retroelements, which drive epigenetic regulation. Therefore, it is suggested that schizophrenia-associated SNPs exert their influence on the pathological functioning and activation of retroelements, which contribute to epigenetic imbalance in the brain with the development of pathological processes. A reflection of the [...]

1196 3929

Open Access Original Research

Technology to Help People with Blindness and Intellectual Disability Manage Indoor Travel: Anticipating and Bypassing Obstacles

Received: 18 August 2025;  Published: 27 November 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504313

Abstract

Recent work with people with blindness and intellectual disability assessed a technology-aided program intended to help eight participants travel indoor routes to reach relevant destinations. The technology included a smartphone, two barcode readers worn by the participants at their ankles, barcodes displayed at specific points of the travel routes, and a mini speaker. The technology ensured that participants received verbal instructions on how to proceed (e.g., take a left turn, cross from one side to the other of [...]

1006 3312

Open Access Commentary

Loneliness, Love and Their Connection: A Commentary

Received: 24 August 2025;  Published: 25 November 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504312

Abstract

A significant social stigma is associated with loneliness. The prevalence of social isolation, in the dawn of the 21st century points to the growing isolation in America. Lonely people who commonly display negative self-perceptions, show great difficulty to establish social ties, and that may be related to their personal inadequacies, or socially undesirable attributes. Lonely people suffer from a low social perception, painting them as less psychologically adjusted, and not very capable in relating to others. That [...]

1180 4145

Open Access Research Article

Investigating Mental Health Literacy and Its Relationship with Addiction to Social Networks among Allied Medical Sciences Students

Received: 24 June 2025;  Published: 19 November 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504311

Abstract

The widespread use of social media among college students has become a significant concern due to its potential impact on mental health and addictive behaviors. Social media platforms, while offering numerous benefits, can also foster environments that contribute to addiction, depression, and anxiety. College students, in particular, are vulnerable to these effects due to their high levels of social media engagement and the pressures of academic life. Mental health literacy, which involves understanding and managin [...]

1128 4413

Open Access Review

Biochemical Foundations of Emotion Regulation: Implications for Pharmacological and Psychological Interventions-A Narrative Review

Received: 02 May 2025;  Published: 19 November 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504310

Abstract

Emotion regulation (ER) involves processes by which individuals modulate the intensity, duration, and expression of emotional responses, and its dysregulation is associated with a broad spectrum of psychological disorders. While traditionally conceptualized within psychological frameworks, ER is increasingly recognized as biologically grounded, involving intricate interactions between neurochemical, hormonal, and metabolic systems. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on biochemical substrates [...]

3421 13606

Open Access Case Report

Nursing Care for a Patient with a Risk of Suicide Due to Depression Using the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Approach: Case Study

Received: 11 September 2025;  Published: 17 November 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504309

Abstract

Adolescent depression is linked to suicidal ideation and attempts. Nurses are well-positioned to deliver brief, supportive interventions. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) emphasizes solutions and the activation of personal resources. To describe the feasibility and clinical utility of SFBT, delivered alongside pharmacotherapy, for reducing suicide risk in an adolescent with depression. Single-case report using a nursing process approach in a 17-year-old female inpatient with a major depressive episode and high [...]

1658 6737

Open Access Research Article

Sleep and Mood as Mechanisms Linking Trauma Exposure to Alcohol Use in South African First Responders: A Serial Mediation Analysis

Received: 15 June 2025;  Published: 14 November 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504308

Abstract

First responders are routinely exposed to traumatic events in the line of duty, placing them at heightened risk for adverse mental health outcomes, including substance use. This study investigated the psychological mechanisms linking trauma exposure to alcohol use, specifically examining the serial mediating roles of insomnia and depression. A sample of 429 first responders (309 police officers and 120 paramedics) from the Western Cape, South Africa, completed an online survey comprising the Life Events Checklist-5 [...]

1229 4227

Open Access Review

A Narrative Review on the Relationship Between Autistic Traits and Anxiety

Received: 31 May 2025;  Published: 27 October 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504307

Abstract

Although anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are common co-morbidities, the relationship between autistic traits and anxiety disorders/symptoms has been increasingly researched in recent years. This review aims to compile the studies conducted on this topic and enhance our understanding of it. All publications up to September 1, 2024, on PubMed that contained the terms ‘anxiety’, ‘autistic traits’, ‘autism feature’, ‘autism-like symptoms’, and ‘ASD-like symptoms’, in their titles or abstracts were reviewed. [...]

1976 7752

Open Access Original Research

Mechanisms of Self-Awareness, Influence, and Self-Identification

Received: 04 April 2025;  Published: 27 October 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504306

Abstract

World socio-political growth is shaped by globalization, integration, and multiculturalism, which also impact individual self-perception. Understanding personal development requires studying self-awareness, self-identification, and influence to identify internal requirements and external influences. The study examined self-awareness, self-identification, influence, and their relationships, as well as psychological interventions for self-assessment and self-realization. To attain the research goal, analysis, synthes [...]

1886 30560

Open Access Review

Mycotoxins Exposure: Neuroinflammation, Cognitive Decline and Behavioral Alteration

Received: 13 June 2025;  Published: 21 October 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504305

Abstract

Evidence from recent studies has suggested a significant association between mycotoxin exposure and neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to the onset of neurocognitive disorders during key developmental stages of the brain. Various research highlights how exposure to these toxins is correlated with a decline in cognitive performance, reduced motor skills, and behavioral issues. Mycotoxins are also implicated in interfering with neuronal signaling pathways and the functioning of neurotransmitters, which may l [...]

1910 9135

Open Access Original Research

The Influence of Gender and Academic Achievement on University Students' Perceptions of LMS-Based Self-Regulated Learning in Korea

Received: 28 April 2025;  Published: 09 October 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504304

Abstract

This study examines how university students perceive Learning Management System (LMS)-based instruction within the context of higher education, as they adapt to the rapid digital transformation. Specifically, it examines how students' perceptions differ based on gender and academic achievement, providing insights for more inclusive and adaptive instructional design. LMS platforms, when actively utilized, offer more than just content delivery—they can enhance classroom transparency, provide immediate feedback, promo [...]

1520 5465

Open Access Research Article

Technology Support to Enable People with Severe Intellectual Disability and Blindness to Carry Out Occupational Activities and Transition Between Them Independently

Received: 14 July 2025;  Published: 09 October 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2504303

Abstract

People with severe intellectual disability and blindness tend to perform only simple occupational activities and are mostly unable to transition between those activities. This inability makes their level of occupation independent of staff support fairly limited. Technology-aided programs may be one of the few opportunities available to increase their independent occupation. This study assessed one such program designed to (a) monitor the participants’ responses and guide them to transition to a new activity once th [...]

1099 3776

Open Access Original Research

Interactive and Deep Learning-Powered EEG-BCI for Wrist Rehabilitation: A Game-based Prototype Study

Received: 14 August 2025;  Published: 24 September 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503302

Abstract

Motor deficits induced by neurological disorders impose a severe impact on activities of daily life. Conventional rehabilitation practices necessitate ongoing clinical supervision, which is costly and inaccessible. EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems offer a viable solution by facilitating neurorehabilitation through the direct interpretation of brain signals. Nonetheless, current systems are confronted with issues of real-time control, portability, and classification precision. The paper describes a n [...]

2057 13496

Open Access Case Report

Mindfulness Training to Reduce Anxiety in Socially Isolated Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Case Study

Received: 17 May 2025;  Published: 15 September 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503301

Abstract

This article aims to evaluate the impact of mindfulness training on Mr. A, a 17-year-old adolescent with schizophrenia experiencing social isolation and severe anxiety. The subject, Mr. A, is a 17-year-old male who presented with significant anxiety symptoms, including excessive worry, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, heart palpitations, rapid breathing, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms were accompanied by behaviors of social withdrawal, emotional detachment, and reluctance to communicate [...]

1334 4989

Open Access Original Research

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale (IMS) among Iranian Adolescents

Received: 11 February 2025;  Published: 01 September 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503300

Abstract

Interpersonal mindfulness, involving present-moment awareness and acceptance during social interactions, is crucial for emotional regulation and adaptive interpersonal functioning. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale (IMS), a 27-item instrument with four subscales: presence, awareness of self and others, nonjudgmental acceptance, and nonreactivity. The cross-sectional sample included 15- to 17-year-old Iranian adolescents (2023–2024), r [...]

1625 7494

Open Access Original Research

Neural Network of Alpha Rhythm rs-EEG Activity for the Assessment of Consciousness in Psychopathology

Received: 18 December 2024;  Published: 29 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503299

Abstract

Consciousness is an integrative process that combines several executive functions, as well as the analytical and synthetic activity of the brain. In some psychopathological conditions, in particular, in schizophrenia, low-information "borderline" disorders of the executive functions and consciousness are often formed at the onset. The present study was aimed at assessing the integration of the bran alpha regulatory system and the modulation of consciousness based on the data of recording the alpha rhythm of resting [...]

1475 6157

Open Access Review

A Systematic Literature Review on the Application of Explainable AI Approaches in the Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Received: 16 January 2025;  Published: 15 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503298

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with significant heterogeneity in symptoms and comorbid conditions. Studies have shown the value of early and accurate diagnosis in mitigating the associated social and behavioral challenges. Recently, studies have demonstrated the potential of machine learning (ML) models in identifying ASD patterns from neuroimaging, genetic, and behavioral data. However, the limited interpretability of these models poses a barrier to their clinical adopti [...]

1690 10225

Open Access Short Review

Loneliness or Solitude: How Are They Different?

Received: 08 May 2025;  Published: 14 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503297

Abstract

Loneliness, social isolation, aloneness, and solitude may be used interchangeably by some who may miss the difference between them. Loneliness is the experience of being alone, or perceiving that one is alone and unimportant to others. Solitude is being geographically isolated out of one’s choice. Loneliness is not a feeling, but a multidimensional construct which is expressed cognitively, behaviorally and affectively. solitude is also reviewed and a clear distinction between loneliness and solitude is established. [...]

2674 18337

Open Access Review

Advancing Objective Pain Measurement: Exploring the Potential of Electroencephalography Biomarkers

Received: 26 February 2025;  Published: 05 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503296

Abstract

Chronic pain involves complex cortical and subcortical changes, suggesting that brain electrical activity may be a potential biomarker for nociceptive processing. Pain leaves its signature in the brain's oscillatory patterns, yet limited studies have explored the neurophysiological alterations associated with chronic pain. This review examines the pain detection method currently used in clinical settings, the potential of neurophysiological features to become brain oscillatory brain biomarkers, and their use in fut [...]

2122 11920

Open Access Review

Maladjustment in Minority Youth from Community Network Disparities in the COVID-19 Lockdown Environment

Received: 17 April 2024;  Published: 04 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503295

Abstract

Pandemic lockdown orders resulted in closures to critical community networks. One such infrastructure was community recreation centers/parks. This infrastructure serves a critical role in building psychosocial wellness for youth. Socioeconomic minority youth face baseline disparity in center/park distribution and services. Youth recreation activity declined 50% as result of lockdown orders with corresponding decline in youth mental health status. Despite overall youth activity decline, White and high socioeconomic [...]

1066 4193

Open Access Original Research

How Can Architectural Acoustics Reflect Levels of Stress and Relaxation in Indoor Environments? An EEG-Based Experimental Study

Received: 11 April 2025;  Published: 31 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503294

Abstract

The acoustic design of indoor environments encompassing spatial configuration, material properties, and sound absorption significantly influences auditory perception and psychological well-being. This study examines the interaction between architectural acoustics, musical stimuli, and neural responses within a controlled therapeutic context, focusing on their effects on stress reduction and relaxation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was utilized to measure brain activity in 24 participants exposed to six musical inst [...]

2239 11320

Open Access Original Research

Protective Effects of Teucrium polium Extract Against LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Microglia: Insights from Wild-Type and Acox1⁻/⁻ Models

Received: 20 May 2025;  Published: 30 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503293

Abstract

Microglial activation and the associated oxidative or inflammatory responses play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Teucrium polium (TP) ethanolic extract in murine BV-2 microglial cells, including wild-type (Wt) and peroxisomal β-oxidation-deficient Acox1-/- cell lines. The TP extract exhibited high antioxidant activity as assessed via the DPPH test, with an IC50 value of 73.89 μ [...]

1117 4780

Open Access Review

Integrating Neuroimaging, Biomarkers, and Rehabilitation Strategies for Optimized Diagnosis and Recovery in Traumatic Brain Injury

Received: 28 February 2025;  Published: 21 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503292

Abstract

This review examines a multimodal approach that integrates advanced neuroimaging, biofluid biomarkers, and innovative rehabilitation strategies for the optimized diagnosis and recovery of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI remains a critical public health challenge due to its high incidence and diverse, long-lasting morbidities. Conventional diagnostic methods often lack the sensitivity to detect subtle injuries, and current prognostic models are limited by the heterogeneity of TBI. Emerging neuroimaging techniques, [...]

2874 13647

Open Access Review

Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in the Neuroinflammatory Cascade of Traumatic Brain Injury

Received: 31 March 2025;  Published: 09 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503291

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. While the primary injury is mechanical, the subsequent neuroinflammatory cascade plays a critical role in secondary injury and long-term neurological deficits. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, play a key role in this cascade, interacting with neurons in a complex interplay that can both protect and exacerbate neuronal damage. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview [...]

1626 8603

Open Access Original Research

Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine

Received: 09 February 2025;  Published: 03 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic pain occurs in various disorders due to correlated processes of spontaneous cortical reorganization and dysregulation of cortical excitability in consciousness-related networks. This case series tracks three patients with chronic pain associated with the menstrual cycle treated by a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique that applies qualities of the mother-fetus neurocognitive model. Previous research has shown that a low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field an [...]

1529 7308

Open Access Review

Chemical Neuroscience of Heterocyclic N-Amines: Implications for Pain Management, Mental Health, and Opioid Withdrawal

Received: 05 December 2024;  Published: 10 June 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502289

Abstract

This study reviews the biochemical mechanisms and clinical implications of N-heterocyclic amine drugs, particularly in the context of pain management, mental health, and opioid withdrawal. It highlights the structural diversity and receptor binding capabilities of these compounds, which enable them to target the nervous system and cross the blood-brain barrier effectively. The article discusses the role of opioids in pain relief, detailing their agonistic effects on opioid receptors and the subsequent risk of addic [...]

1792 9911

Open Access Original Research

The Relationship between Anger, Stress, Psychological Distress and Mood Disorders among Entrepreneurs

Received: 18 December 2024;  Published: 26 May 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502288

Abstract

The present study investigates the association between anger, stress, psychological distress and mood disorders among Egyptian entrepreneurs. Approach-wise, the study is quantitative, and its cross-sectional data were collected using a questionnaire. The study’s respondents are Egyptian entrepreneurs involved in several business activities. Hence, the study concluded based on 286 valid responses. We used analysis of moment structures (AMOS) software, where we conducted path analysis to conclude the results. C [...]

1740 10928

Open Access Review

Love in the Time of COVID: Psychiatric Outcomes Related to Oxytocin and the “Endocrine Organ”

Received: 09 February 2025;  Published: 09 May 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502287

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic was an eye-opener for many medical disciplines. It highlighted viral exploitation of physiological cellular processes, including endocytosis and cellular senescence. These pathways play an essential role in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and schizophrenia (SCZ). Oxytocin, commonly called the “love hormone,” is produced in the posterior hypothalamus and is crucial for various physiological processes, including social intelligence, sexual activity, and metabolism. Many viruses, [...]

1320 6072

Open Access Original Research

Unraveling Bioactive Constituents Isolated from Knema hookeriana Warb. as Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Received: 05 March 2025;  Published: 27 April 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502286

Abstract

The Myristicaceae family, particularly the Knema genus, is renowned for its diverse bioactive compounds, including lignans, flavonoids, and phenolics. This study explores the phytochemical profile of Knema hookeriana Warb. leaves and evaluates their potential as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Phytochemical extraction was performed using a cold maceration method with a polarity-gradient solvent system (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The isolated compounds were purified through chromatographic techniq [...]

1564 7302

Open Access Review

Mental Health Disorders Following Exposure to Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals

Received: 27 October 2024;  Published: 18 April 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502285

Abstract

There is growing scientific concern regarding how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) impact central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Both anecdotal and preclinical studies suggest a link between EDC exposure and major depressive disorder (MDD), potentially leading to neurodegenerative outcomes. EDCs primarily exhibit their biological effects by interacting with hormone receptors. Nonetheless, there is scientific evidence pointing to dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-adrenal axis, which is linked t [...]

1714 10771

Open Access Review

Neurotoxicity Following Exposure to Chlorpyrifos

Received: 14 January 2025;  Published: 15 April 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502284

Abstract

Neurotoxicity occurs when exposure to a biological, chemical, or physical agent, especially a neurotoxin, alters the normal activity of the nervous system in a way that results in permanent or reversible damage to neurons and nerve tissue and disrupts the functioning of the brain and nervous system. Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide that has been used worldwide for more than 50 years and can damage the nervous system of insects by creating neurotoxicity. Epidemiological studies show that [...]

5003 17784

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