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Open Access Review

Cerebral Palsy: An Overview of Etiology, Types and Comorbidities

Received: 21 February 2022;  Published: 20 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2202120

Abstract

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the most frequent cause of childhood disability. CP occurs in 1 out of every 345 children in the United States. CP is primarily a motor disease that is the result of an insult to the brain that occurs during the prenatal or early postnatal period when the brain is still developing. CP is not a single disease but a physical description of motor impairments that originate from multiple etiologies. This article briefly discusses the etiologies, classification and management of the neurologic med [...]

4039 32376

Open Access Original Research

Examining the Social Signaling and Person Perception Functions of Loneliness

Received: 07 January 2022;  Published: 19 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2202119

Abstract

Loneliness is a common condition that poses substantial risks to morbidity and mortality. Cacioppo and Cacioppo’s [1] evolutionary theory of loneliness (ETL) provides that loneliness serves a social signaling function and also manifests in hypervigilance to threat, which we propose can influence person perception. In this experiment, 480 observers evaluated videotaped self-presentation messages from speakers who scored either high or low on a measure of loneliness. On the basis of ETL, we hypothesized that observer [...]

2745 14126

Open Access Interview

An Interview with Dr. Roy G. Beran

Received: 02 April 2022;  Published: 07 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2202118

1007 7362

Open Access Short Review

Arterial Elasticity: Linking of Cardiovascular Risks, Pulse Pressure, Dementia, Aging, and Drug Targeting

Received: 08 December 2021;  Published: 29 March 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2201117

Abstract

Cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, and several other cardiovascular (or "inflamm-aging" type) diseases, are more frequent and advanced in subjects with Alzheimer's disease compared with normal aging. In addition, the observed pathogenic link to dementia (and its associated cerebral microvascular damage) is readily explained by alterations of arterial elasticity. A therapeutic strategy to delay dementia could be based upon localized drug delivery, using lipid nanocarriers (i.e., biobased nanoemulsion technology), targ [...]

1138 8300

Open Access Review

Neuropathology and Therapeutics Addressing Glaucoma, a Prevalent Retina-Optic Nerve-Brain Disease that Causes Eyesight Impairment and Blindness

Received: 24 January 2022;  Published: 22 March 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2201116

Abstract

Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) associated with different forms of glaucoma and chronic ocular hypertension (cOHT) is characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerves that project to the brain to transmit visual information. The resultant thinning of the optic nerves cause loss of peripheral vision, which if not halted or slowed, can lead to irreversible blindness. Whilst the precise triggering insult(s) for the primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), the most prevalen [...]

2308 16400

Open Access Review

Analysis of Migraine Pathophysiology by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Received: 25 October 2021;  Published: 08 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2201115

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to investigate migraine pathophysiology because it is a non-invasive technique. The main aim of clinical imaging for patients with headaches is to exclude secondary headaches due to organic lesions. Conventional structural imaging techniques such as routine MRI demonstrate white matter lesions, changes in gray matter volume or cortical thickness, and cerebral blood flow in patients with migraine. Changes in metabolite levels are observed by magnetic resonance spectrosc [...]

1509 10634

Open Access Editorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of OBM Neurobiology in 2021

Received: 05 January 2022;  Published: 06 January 2022;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2201114

Abstract

The editors of OBM Neurobiology would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2021. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can download a certificate of recognition di [...]

1104 6906

Open Access Communication

Neuronal Coherence Agent for Shared Intentionality: A Hypothesis of Neurobiological Processes Occurring during Social Interaction

Received: 02 October 2021;  Published: 29 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104113

Abstract

The present interdisciplinary study discusses the physical foundations of the neurobiological processes occurring during social interaction. The review of the literature establishes the difference between Intentionality and Intention, thereby proposing the theoretical basis of Shared Intentionality in humans. According to the present study, Shared Intentionality in humans (Goal-directed coherence of biological systems), which is the ability among social organisms to instantly select just one stimulus for the entire [...]

1875 15962

Open Access Review

The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Depression and Suicide Risk in Older Adults

Received: 19 January 2021;  Published: 24 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104112

Abstract

COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths continue to skyrocket across the world, leaving a trail of enduring psychological turmoil. It wreaks havoc on the physical, emotional, and cognitive health of those directly infected, as well as caretakers, friends, and families. Though the pandemic has at least indirectly impacted most people, older adults appear to be the most vulnerable to COVID-19-related deaths and little is known about the psychological consequences. Unfortunately, many of the precautions take [...]

1209 9603

Open Access Review

Effects of Circadian Rhythm on Migraine Therapy

Received: 24 June 2021;  Published: 20 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104111

Abstract

Circadian rhythms are 24-hour cycles of physical, mental, and behavioral changes regulated and maintained by the internal primary circadian clock, however modifiable by a number of external cues or “zeitgebers”, the most powerful one being light. Core set of clock genes regulate the whole-body metabolism and transcription of over 40% of mammalian RNA, including that for drug transporters, binding and metabolizing proteins responsible for regulation of pharmacokinetics of vast array of medications. Growing amount of [...]

2121 15372

Open Access Original Research

The Relationship between Sensory Reactivity Differences and Mental Health Symptoms in Children with Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Their Neurotypical Peers

Received: 28 July 2021;  Published: 25 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104110

Abstract

Children with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDC) often have sensory reactivity differences, such as being overwhelmed by sounds, which can elicit distress in their everyday life. Furthermore, children with an NDC often present with a greater frequency of mental health symptoms compared to their typically developing peers. However little research has examined the relationship of these sensory reactivity differences on broader mental health. This study set out to explore the relationship between sensory reactivity a [...]

2012 14051

Open Access Review

Narrative Review of Surgery for Myasthenia Gravis

Received: 25 June 2021;  Published: 15 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104109

Abstract

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by antibody mediated blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Up until the last decade, evidence suggesting benefit of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis has been based on non-randomized control studies. Our paper serves as an expert narrative review of new literature pertaining to surgical management of myasthenia gravis based on review of articles from PubMed and Cochrane database from date of inception through June 14, 2021. We used the MeSH search [...]

1703 12689

Open Access Review

Antidepressant Treatment of Depression in the Elderly: Efficacy and Safety Considerations

Received: 07 February 2021;  Published: 14 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104108

Abstract

Depression in the elderly is a significant clinical problem which is likely to endure as an ongoing issue as the cohort of individuals aged over 65years continues to increase as a proportion of the total population. While there are a multiplicity of approaches to the treatment of depression, the mainstay for moderate to severe cases is pharmacotherapy. The majority of extant antidepressants have demonstrated efficacy, at least in short term (6-12weeks) clinical evaluations. There is demonstrable efficacy over and a [...]

2072 31072

Open Access Original Research

Neural Response to High and Low Energy Food Images in Anorexia Nervosa

Received: 01 June 2021;  Published: 30 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103107

Abstract

To compare neural responses to high and low-energy food images in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and an age-matched Healthy Control (HC) group. 25 adolescents with AN and 21 HCs completed a diagnostic interview, self-report questionnaires and fMRI, during which they viewed food images evoking responses of disgust, happiness, or fear. Following whole brain analyses, neural responses in six regions of interest were examined in a series of between-group contrasts, across the three emotive categories. Compared to [...]

1243 9930

Open Access Review

Innovative Strategies and Challenges for the Prevention of Pathological Anxiety in Children and Adolescents

Received: 16 December 2020;  Published: 13 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103106

Abstract

The effects of pathological anxiety on public health have led to the realization that anxious children might experience significant limitations in their lives. Evidence-based cognitive-behavioral (CB) interventions are now being implemented in schools at a group level to combat anxiety.Childhood emotional health should be considered a national and global priority for an effective strategy promoting the prevention of mental health. The aim of this study is the description of novel data on the effectiveness of preven [...]

1384 12432

Open Access Original Research

Single-Case Neuropsychological Assessment of a Patient with a Posterior Parietal Lesion Using Behavioral Testing and Resting-State fMRI

Received: 29 January 2021;  Published: 24 August 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103105

Abstract

This study integrated functional connectivity measures using resting-state fMRI and behavioral data from a single-case observation of patient (PER) one year after right-hemispheric hemorrhage in the intraparietal sulcus and superior parietal lobule (IPS/SPL). PER showed no sign of clinical neglect. Her behavioral performance in the visuo-manual pointing task and in the letter discrimination task under conditions of endogenous and exogenous attentional cueing was compared between the left (affected) and right (unaff [...]

1658 10403

Open Access Review

Genetic, Social and Behavioral Risk Factors Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease

Received: 20 December 2020;  Published: 21 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103104

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition which consists of stages of mental, memory, and cognitive decline. As it continues to stand as the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S., 44 million people worldwide are affected. The objective of this paper is to explore the risk factors for AD in an attempt to examine potential causes for the incidence of AD. We examined genetics, lifestyle, and pre-existing conditions as risk factors for AD. We found that there are various alleles, such as APP, P [...]

1678 10215

Open Access Review

Why the Quantum Brain?

Received: 25 May 2021;  Published: 14 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103103

Abstract

This article reviews the modern approaches to the quantum brain hypothesis. The aim is to consider the hypothesis and its classical brain-machine alternative from a broad perspective, including physics, biology, computer science, cosmology, and metaphysics. My starting point is that asking whether consciousness can or cannot have free will is fundamentally incorrect. This aspect is challenged by both physics and neuroscience. The paper argues that the search for conscious free will, as it is typically tested in Lib [...]

2218 21666

Open Access Review

Psilocybin as a Novel Pharmacotherapy for Treatment-Refractory Anorexia Nervosa

Received: 08 April 2021;  Published: 24 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102102

Abstract

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a major health problem with one of the highest mortalities and treatment costs of any psychiatric condition. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is currently the most widely used treatment for AN in adults but provides remission rates ≤ 50%. Treatment drop-out is exceedingly high and those that persevere with treatment often relapse, causing increased risk of morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to find new interventions, especially as there are no approved pharmacological treat [...]

3685 32937

Open Access Opinion

Establishing and Evaluating a Multidisciplinary Community-Based Sleep Clinic for Children with Neurodevelopmental Difficulties in Inner London

Received: 31 January 2021;  Published: 15 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102101

Abstract

We describe our experience of setting up and evaluating a community-based multi-disciplinary sleep service for children with neurodevelopmental disorders and psychosocial vulnerabilities.Referrals are accepted for children (1-18 years of age) with persistent sleep problems, and neurodevelopmental difficulties or significant psychosocial adversity, living in two inner-city boroughs.Holistic sleep assessment involves 1-hour Paediatrician-led consultation, often followed by Psychologist-led parent workshop, with follo [...]

1732 9707

Open Access Original Research

The Trails Making Test. Does a Single Trial Reflect Performance Capability?

Received: 08 January 2021;  Published: 07 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102100

Abstract

Information processing speed (Reaction time, RT) to a single administration of the Trails A and Trails B components of the Trail Making Test (TMT) is used in the assessment of brain and behavioural functional integrity across the lifespan in both clinical and research contexts. Although the clinical utility of such single trial-related and thus rapidly gained results, is recognised, it is possible that its administration as a single trial only, precludes its ability to provide a more in-depth and thus relevant repr [...]

2293 32798

Open Access Case Report

Management of Agitation, Delirium, and Catatonia in Intubated COVID-19 Patients: A Case Series & Rationale for Valproate Sodium Use During Extubation

Received: 25 February 2021;  Published: 25 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102099

Abstract

The complete spectrum of neuropsychiatric effects of SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory distress syndrome has yet to be fully appreciated, particularly in intubated patients. Manifestations including delirium and catatonia need to be considered in intubated COVID-19 patients. Medications known to exhibit neuroprotective effects, like valproate, can assist in agitation related to sedative withdrawal during extubation. This case series reports on the management of agitation, delirium, and catatonia in COVID-19 patients dur [...]

2245 15075

Open Access Original Research

Ocular Pressure-Volume Relationship and Ganglion Cell Death in Glaucoma

Received: 24 November 2020;  Published: 21 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102098

Abstract

We studied how GC death in glaucoma related to the intraocular pressure (IOP), eyeball volume (VS) and elasticity (volumetric KS and tensile ES), and eyeball volume-pressure relation. Glaucomatous GC loss was studied in DBA/2J (D2) mice with wild-type mice as controls. GCs were retrogradely identified and observed with a confocal microscope. The elasticity calculation was also done on published data from patients treated by a gas bubble injection in the vitreous cavity. The GC population in D2 mice (1.5- to 14-mont [...]

2088 11210

Open Access Review

A Systematic Review of the Biological Processes Involved in Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's disease: A Focus on the Potential Disease-Modifying Effects

Received: 05 February 2021;  Published: 19 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102097

Abstract

Deep-Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an important treatment option for the management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is a common symptomatic treatment. However, an increasing number of studies have examined the biological processes to assess if DBS can also modify the natural history of PD by acting on its pathophysiological mechanisms. Relevant literature published up to November 2020 was systematically searched on databases such as PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Academic Search Index, and Science Citation Index. The f [...]

1637 11210

Open Access Review

Examining the Role of Specialized DNA Polymerases in the Development of Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Received: 09 February 2021;  Published: 18 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102096

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely malignant type of primary brain tumor that exhibits a high mortality rate. Current standard therapy involves surgery followed by radiation and treatment with the DNA-alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). While TMZ treatment can extend post-operative survival, most patients develop resistance to TMZ which leads to a significant increase in mortality. At the molecular level, TMZ produces a variety of different DNA lesions including N7-methylguanine, N3-methyladenine, and [...]

1776 12073

Open Access Review

Computational Modelling of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review

Received: 23 November 2020;  Published: 14 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102095

Abstract

We review the use of numerical and computational models to explore deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease (DBS PD). It is a review for the modeler and those interested in PD DBS modelling methods and their value. The main model categories of active fiber, mean field, driving force, and volume of tissue activated are described as well as many modelling techniques. We give the basic requirements for a DBS PD model and current theories of DBS mechanism of action, PD etiology, and movement selection. The emphas [...]

2398 14762

Open Access Original Research

A Participation-Focused Exercise Intervention for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Impact on Sleep and Wellbeing

Received: 17 November 2020;  Published: 06 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102094

Abstract

Sleep-related difficulties are common in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Poor sleep health is associated with detrimental impacts not only for the child/young person, but also their family members. Exercise is considered to be important for sleep health, improving duration and quality of sleep in adult studies, however there is limited literature on impact in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, and barriers to participation exist for this group. We set out to test the feasibility and accep [...]

1777 9917

Open Access Research Article

Visuospatial Executive Functions are Improved by Brief Brain Training in Young Rugby Players - Evidence of Far Transfer Test Effects: A Pilot Study

Received: 05 March 2019;  Published: 06 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102093

Abstract

Brain training apps are becoming increasingly popular for at home use and as an adjunct to more traditional therapies. There is uncertainty about whether the effects of brain training transfer to real-world cognition, or performance on other cognitive assessment tests, or is specific only to the brain training app. Executive functions (EF’s) are higher-order cognitive processes important for activities of everyday living and autonomous goal-directed behaviour [1]. EF’s are associated with frontal brain networks tha [...]

1855 14190

Open Access Perspective

Psychological Considerations in the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Migraines

Received: 18 March 2021;  Published: 02 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102092

Abstract

Although studies to understand the pathogenesis of migraines are in progress, no theory has adequately explained the etiology and pathophysiology of migraines to date. This has affected the development of treatment strategies for migraineurs. Currently, the pharmacological treatment for migraines provides both acute and prophylactic options to patients based on a biomedical model of pain. However, patients’ adherence to oral migraine preventive medication (OMPM) is poor, and their persistence is even lower when the [...]

1778 18509

Open Access Case Report

Lamotrigine-Associated Progressive Dysphasia and Cognitive Dysfunction

Received: 01 December 2020;  Published: 20 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2102091

Abstract

Lamotrigine is generally accepted as a well-tolerated medication with few cognitive side effects. Here, we report a case of a 62-year old female with a severe, rapidly progressive dementia-like process which was completely reversed after reduction of lamotrigine. Associated findings included hyperreflexia with clonus, ataxia, Wernicke-like dysphasia, global cognitive impairment, burst suppression on electroencephalogram (EEG), and bilateral parietal hypo-metabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography [...]

2320 39639

Open Access Review

Light-Activated Local Drug Delivery From Hydrogels: Potential for GBM Treatment

Received: 15 December 2020;  Published: 23 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101090

Abstract

Following post-operative treatment, the vast majority of GBMs recur, usually within 2 cm of the tumor resection margin. Since these tumors seldom metastasize outside the CNS, improved localized therapies should prove beneficial. Drug delivery systems (DDS) that allow control over drug release by an externally applied energy, such as light, have the potential of improving the results of chemotherapy. Light-activated hydrogel DDS, implanted in the operative cavity formed by tumor resection, bypasses the blood brain b [...]

1797 12310

Open Access Case Report

Malignant Catatonia Requiring High Dose Bromocriptine: Case Report

Received: 23 December 2020;  Published: 23 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101089

Abstract

Catatonia can occur in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and malignant catatonia is life threatening. Anti-psychotic medications should be discontinued during acute phase of catatonia. Anti-psychotic discontinuation in catatonia is a challenge in patients maintained on long-acting injectable antipsychotics because of the extended release. Case report: We present a case of malignant catatonia developed in a patient with history of schizophrenia and developmental delay. Symptoms lasted severa [...]

1488 11409

Open Access Original Research

Smartphone Usage at Bedtime: The Effect of Sleep–Smartphone Hygiene, Trait Anxiety, and FOMO on Sleep Quality

Received: 21 July 2020;  Published: 08 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101088

Abstract

The present study was aimed to examine the relationship of sleep–smartphone hygiene, i.e., the habits of smartphone usage in the sleep environment, with the sleep quality among students and whether this relationship could be explained through psychological factors. A total of 467 Israeli college students were investigated using five questionnaires, namely, Sleep–Smartphone Hygiene Questionnaire (SSHQ), Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs), Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a [...]

2577 19831

Open Access Review

Migraine as a Common Extra-Intestinal Presentation of Celiac Disease

Received: 18 August 2020;  Published: 09 February 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101087

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) is a common gluten-related enteropathy that presents several extra-intestinal manifestations. Migraine is globally recognized as one of the most diffuse primary headaches. The present paper aims to review the current evidence on the possible association between CD and migraine. Both adults and children having CD exhibit a high prevalence of migraine. However, screening for CD in an unselected population of migraineurs demonstrated contrasting results. Brain imaging may reveal cerebral calcificat [...]

1873 17517

Open Access Case Report

Case Report of Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome in a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

Received: 28 October 2020;  Published: 31 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101086

Abstract

Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder involving loss of functional pre-synaptic P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Many cases occur as a paraneoplastic disorder, often in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerged as treatment of choice for various malignancies. While generally well tolerated, certain ICI-treated patients experience neurologic immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we explore therapeuti [...]

2328 17956

Open Access Review

Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis of Huntington's Disease

Received: 15 December 2020;  Published: 28 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101085

Abstract

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disease that immensely impacts the affected families. However, the transmission of the disease from carriers to their offspring could be prevented. Prenatal diagnosis (PND) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) are the only two available reproductive options for the carriers at risk to have disease-free children. PND for HD could be done through two kinds of genetic testing: direct and indirect. The same approaches are available for preimplantation genetic te [...]

2342 20057

Open Access Original Research

Quantum Theory of EEG with Application to the Single-Trial ERP Analysis

Received: 17 July 2020;  Published: 27 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101084

Abstract

The probabilistic formalism of quantum mechanics is used to quantitatively link the electroencephalogram (EEG) with the underlying microscale activity of cortical neurons. Previous approaches applied methods of classic physics to reconstruct the EEG in terms of explicit physical models of cortical neurons and the volume conductor. However, the multiplicity of cellular processes with extremely intricate mixtures of deterministic and random factors prevented the creation of consistent biophysical parameter sets. To a [...]

1781 14066

Open Access Research Article

N-Type Calcium Channels Control GABAergic Transmission in Brain Areas related to Fear and Anxiety

Received: 13 September 2020;  Published: 12 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101083

Abstract

N-type (Cav2.2) calcium channels are key for action potential-evoked transmitter release in the peripheral and central nervous system. Previous studies have highlighted the functional relevance of N-type calcium channels at both the peripheral and central level. In the periphery, N-type calcium channels regulate nociceptive and sympathetic responses. At the central level, N-type calcium channels have been linked to aggression, hyperlocomotion, and anxiety. Among the areas of the brain that are involved in anxiety a [...]

2403 11164

Open Access Communication

Medical Hypothesis: Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Migraine

Received: 26 October 2020;  Published: 05 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101082

Abstract

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has been introduced as an innovative treatment for several neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonia and it has been proven effective in helping individuals affected by these disorders; hence, enhancing their quality of life. DBS has also been investigated for the treatment of cluster and other primary headaches. Electrodes are surgically implanted into brain structures, for example the posterior hypothalamus in case of cluster headache. Hypot [...]

2044 13632

Open Access Editorial

Acknowlegement to Reviewers of OBM Neurobiology in 2020

Received: 04 January 2021;  Published: 05 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2101081

Abstract

The editors of OBM Neurobiology would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2020. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can download a certificate of recognition di [...]

996 6244

Open Access Review

The Therapeutic Potential of the Stem Cell Secretome for Spinal Cord Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Received: 26 October 2020;  Published: 14 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004080

Abstract

There is currently no effective treatment for spinal cord injury leaving around 90% of patients with permanent disabilities. Stem cell therapies are showing promise in preclinical studies of central nervous system injury and there is increasing evidence suggesting the improvements in functional recovery are mediated by paracrine actions. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the overall efficacy of stem cell secretome therapies in promoting recovery in preclinical models of spinal cord [...]

1970 13610

Open Access Case Report

Psychiatric Disorders in Mӧbius Sequence: Intermittent Presentation of Auto-Aggressive Outbursts

Received: 27 March 2020;  Published: 03 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004079

Abstract

Anecdotal evidence suggests the possible association of psychiatric disorders with Mӧbius sequence, although the evidence is not conclusive. Intermittent presentation of auto-aggressive outbursts, in particular, could be related to Mӧbius sequence, different from the common psychotic symptoms. The present report describes the clinical case of a young man with Mӧbius syndrome who exhibited a complex representation of severe mental retardation and concomitant psychiatric disorders. Extremely rare psychiatric disorder [...]

1785 8290

Open Access Original Research

Variations in Secondary Health Resource Utilization Post Clozapine Initiation

Received: 10 September 2020;  Published: 26 November 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004078

Abstract

This study looked at secondary care utilization metrics as an effectiveness indicator of Clozapine initiation in 77 patients over the following year compared to the year prior to initiation. It was found that there was a marginal drop in psychiatric bed utilization, alongside reduced crisis team use. Medical and psychiatric outpatient use increased, as did physical health interventions. Overall, compared with costs over the year preceding Clozapine initiation, an estimated saving per patient of £3,867 (5,065) was a [...]

1745 7638

Open Access Research Article

Transcriptome Signatures of Dysregulated Brain Dynamics Induce Entangled Network States.

Received: 15 June 2020;  Published: 30 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004077

Abstract

Marks of brain disorders may be visible through abnormal networks characterized by states with distinct signatures or connectivity patterns. Apart from neurodegenerations, drug abuse or eventually addiction may exert complex perturbative effects over human health, including damage to various organs and especially brain inflammation, volume shrinkage and functional deficits. These can also be regarded as signs of accelerated ageing, which involve multiple comorbidities associated with long-lasting cognitive impairme [...]

1863 8908

Open Access Review

Palmitoylethanolamide for Neurological Disorders

Received: 04 October 2020;  Published: 30 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004076

Abstract

Neurological tissue along with the cartilage remains one of the tissues that escapes human efforts of regeneration after injury. The human body, after an injury, can repair its tissues only to a certain extent that can help in recovering the function of organs. However, this is not the case in some organs, such as the brain and spinal cord. For a long time, basic medical science has been investigating the regeneration process that helps the human body, which is mainly through the pharmacological agents, proteins/ot [...]

1694 13268

Open Access Review

Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury

Received: 02 October 2020;  Published: 29 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004075

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an immediate loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury mostly affecting people in the prime of life. In addition to the primary injury there is accumulating neurophysiological and histological evidence of dysfunction in the peripheral nerves, not related to direct damage from the primary injury, which exacerbates muscle wasting, and contributes to further functional loss and poor recovery. Among the potential contributing factors are systemic inflammation, and mo [...]

2382 16065

Open Access Review

Celiac Disease and Associated Extraintestinal Manifestations, with Special Reference to Neurological Disorders

Received: 13 July 2020;  Published: 30 October 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004074

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD), also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy and nontropical sprue, is one of the most important entities of the wide spectrum of gluten-related disorders (GRDs). It is well known that neurological manifestations can be present either at the onset of CD, or appear during the development of the pathology, and the neurologic findings can show a profound difference. Clinical features show significant variation, ranging from typical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement to several extraintes [...]

1911 11826

Open Access Case Report

A Case of Coincidental Association of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a Patient with Celiac Disease Consuming a Gluten-Free Diet

Received: 30 June 2020;  Published: 12 October 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2004073

Abstract

We report, for the first time, the case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) onset in a 54-year-old woman not following a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) for six years after the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). The patient did not display any sign of gluten toxicity, malabsorption, or CD-related comorbidity. Previous cases reported in medical literature showed ALS-like forms secondary to gluten intolerance, with symptom remission after a strict GFD. Even after correcting dietary flaws, the clinical manifestation o [...]

1887 11660

Open Access Review

Voice and Speech Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review

Received: 29 June 2020;  Published: 08 September 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003072

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia in the world. This manuscript attempts to review the current knowledge of neurolaryngology and speech and language therapy in Alzheimer’s disease in order to distinguish it from other neurodegenerative diseases. Only a limited number of studies carried out on Alzheimer’s disease patients with speech or laryngeal disorders are found in the literature. Laryngeal (dysphonia, dysphagia, dry mucosa…) and speech symptoms (aphasic, rhythm alterations…) appear to exis [...]

1991 12505

Open Access Review

Epigenetics of Sleep Disruption

Received: 27 June 2020;  Published: 08 September 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003071

Abstract

Sleep plays an important role in maintaining brain function, memory consolidation, hormonal balance, immune system function, growth, and repair. The physiological and psychological effects of disruptions in sleep highlight its importance in human health and wellness. Epigenetic roles are proposed in sleep, and circadian regulation, but only a limited number of studies have determined the mechanism that underlies the epigenetics of environmental factors interacting with the sleep, particularly the ones related to sl [...]

1982 22376

Open Access Communication

Exploring Potential Neurobiological Parallels of Restrictive Behaviour: Anorexia Nervosa and Chew and Spit (CHSP)

Received: 05 May 2020;  Published: 18 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003070

Abstract

Consensus for where along the eating disorder spectrum the pathological eating behaviour of Chew and Spit (CHSP) falls has been a point of contention in academic literature. Using the case of Mary1, a 30 year old female from Australia who has engaged in excessive restrictive behaviour, was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN) and has been engaging in Chew and Spit (CHSP) behaviour for over 10 years, the current paper examines the similarities from a neurobiological perspective between restrictive behaviours (akin w [...]

2082 11994

Open Access Review

Neurostimulation Approaches in the Treatment of Severe Anorexia Nervosa

Received: 04 May 2020;  Published: 07 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003069

Abstract

Psychiatry is seeking interventions that could reliably sustain weight gain and psychosomatic recovery of patients with severe anorexia nervosa (AN). Currently, patients with AN, even after receiving individually-tailored therapeutic interventions, often relapse following marginal weight restoration. Also, the evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychotropic medications in relieving and treating AN symptomology is limited. The research in the field is aiming to mitigate shortcomings associated with common pract [...]

2069 13882

Open Access Review

Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: An Updated Preclinical and Clinical Review

Received: 04 February 2020;  Published: 28 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003068

Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a major cause of death and disability in the newborn period. Experimental models have demonstrated that brain injury in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy occurs in two phases: primary energy failure and secondary energy failure. In primary energy failure, there is a cessation of oxidative metabolism and irreversible neuronal injury, followed by secondary energy failure due to glutamate release, elevation of intracellular calcium, reactive oxygen species formation, apoptotic cell dea [...]

2595 28260

Open Access Case Report

Behavioral Disorders and Celiac Disease: Coincidence or Casualty?

Received: 10 May 2020;  Published: 24 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003067

Abstract

This paper presents the case of a child diagnosed with both celiac disease and Asperger’s syndrome. The literature does not report this association to date, and the authors believe it to be a coincidence rather than a casualty.

1869 13049

Open Access Review

Neurological Manifestations of the Celiac Disease in Children

Received: 07 May 2020;  Published: 17 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003066

Abstract

Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) represent a spectrum of diverse clinical manifestations triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The most common and widely recognized diseases within this spectrum are celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. The clinical manifestations are intestinal, but extraintestinal manifestations may also appear, such as neurological or psychiatric. This work will specifically review the neurological or psychiatric manifestations that are more freq [...]

2073 17745

Open Access Review

Neurological Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and the Effect of a Gluten Free Diet

Received: 17 May 2020;  Published: 10 July 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003065

Abstract

Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion and affects nearly 1% of the population worldwide. CeD has typically been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain; however, its extra-intestinal manifestations are becoming widely recognized. In particular, CeD patients may present with various neurological manifestations and oftentimes, without evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathophysiology behind these manifestations is not well k [...]

2589 23499

Open Access Case Report

Prone Anesthesia for a Super-Super Morbidly Obese Patient Undergoing Neurosurgery: A Case Report

Received: 03 May 2020;  Published: 24 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002064

Abstract

Obesity is on the rise around the world, carrying along with it a wide range of comorbidities and complications. We report on a super-super morbidly obese 43-year-old female, with a body mass index (BMI) of 77.85 kg/m2 (173cm, 233kg), who presented for a scheduled suboccipital craniectomy with C-1 laminectomy secondary to symptoms from an Arnold-Chiari type-I malformation. Already a challenging type of surgery, due to the patient’s extreme BMI and positioning, the surgery became more difficult. There are many [...]

1902 15513

Open Access Review

Synaptic Plasticity and Learning Processes: A Neuroeducation Perspective

Received: 14 April 2020;  Published: 22 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002063

Abstract

The story of each individual is essentially the story of their learning processes and relationships from the moment they were born. Indeed, the story of learning processes is merely a constant stratification of experiences based on biological and neurofunctional features that are influenced by genetic and cultural factors and subject to environmental stimuli constantly reshaping their behaviour.Neuroscientific studies conducted over the past decades have highlighted a unique feature of the human nervous system, cal [...]

1969 13153

Open Access Review

Neuroprotective Strategies in Glaucoma - Translation to Clinical Trials

Received: 16 April 2020;  Published: 15 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002062

Abstract

Neuroprotection in glaucoma is any medical treatment by which decline in visual function can be slowed or prevented by supporting the health and survival of neural cells, independent of lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP). This is achieved by targeting mechanisms to inhibit or delay retinal ganglion cell death and promote cell survival pathways. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical trials, many neuroprotective strategies have failed to show success in subsequent clinical trials. Of the clinical [...]

2365 21183

Open Access Research Article

Non-linear Dynamics and Chaotic Trajectories in Brain-Mind Visual Experiences during Dreams, Meditation, and Non-Ordinary Brain Activity States

Received: 30 April 2020;  Published: 11 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002061

Abstract

The present report discusses brain visual experiences in conditions of low degree of openness of the brain toward the environment, for example, while dreaming, during meditation, or in non-ordinary brain activity states such as under the effects of psychoactive substances, in the state of coma, or in other states of reduced sensory perception, among others. In the present report, for brevity, such states are referred to as brain-mind visual experiences, implying that such a visual activity is not one connected to t [...]

2014 13983

Open Access Original Research

Increased Diurnal Salivary Cortisol and Morning Serum Triglycerides and Decreased Apo A1 Concentrations in Children and Adolescents with Clinical Depression

Received: 01 March 2020;  Published: 11 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002060

Abstract

Data available on possible associations of lipids, steroid levels, and depression are conflicting. This study investigated their possible associations in a sample of youth with depression. Ninety-eight youth with depression and individually matched healthy volunteers on the basis of age and sex were enrolled for the study. The two groups had nearly similar body mass index. After fasting overnight, they underwent blood sampling for triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprot [...]

1546 10448

Open Access Original Research

Dynamic Functional Connectivity Fading Analysis and Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Normal Control Subjects based on Resting-State fMRI Data

Received: 29 September 2019;  Published: 01 June 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002059

Abstract

In this paper, motivated by the fading effect in wireless communications, where severe channel fading is related to information loss during the transmission, we evaluate and analyze the fading effect in time-varying functional connectivity of AD, MCI and NC subjects based on the resting-state fMRI data, and then apply that for AD, MCI, NC classification. We show that in some critical brain regions, compared with NC subjects, AD subjects suffer more severe and long lasting fading in the functional connectivity level [...]

1730 11393

Open Access Review

Insights into Brain Signal Transduction can Provide Potential Molecular Targets to Approach and Manage Alzheimer’s Disease

Received: 01 October 2019;  Published: 18 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002058

Abstract

Mechanisms leading to neuronal cell death in human pathology are far from being fully delineated. Understanding the molecules involved in neuronal death and the timing of their recruitment might help to explain the natural history of degenerative processes, including the morphological abnormalities observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, it might help refine the diagnosis by defining new molecular markers as well as find effective therapies, especially for slow cognitive deficits, often associated wit [...]

2054 11963

Open Access Review

Neuroplasticity and Central Sensitization in Orofacial Pain and TMD

Received: 06 February 2020;  Published: 18 May 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002057

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions that involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the masticatory muscles, and branches of the trigeminal nerve. TMD is the most common chronic oral facial pain disorder. Pain associated with TMD can be clinically expressed as myogenous or arthrogenous in etiology. The myogenous variant of TMD is characterized by pain in the muscles of mastication. The arthrogenous form of TMD is caused by pain in the joint leading to synovi [...]

2291 21245

Open Access Review

From Light to Sound: Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging in Fundamental Research of Alzheimer’s Disease

Received: 24 October 2019;  Published: 30 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002056

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes severe cognitive dysfunction and has long been studied for the underlining physiological and pathological mechanisms. Several biomedical imaging modalities have been applied, including MRI, PET, and high-resolution optical microscopy, for research purposes. However, there is still a strong need for imaging tools that can provide high spatiotemporal resolutions with relatively deep penetration to enhance our understanding of AD pathology and monitor treatment progress in fundamental r [...]

2664 16202

Open Access Review

Neurochemical System Involved in Anorexia Nervosa

Received: 19 November 2019;  Published: 13 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002055

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder, the etiopathogenesis of which is still not fully understood. Currently, the most accredited model is a multifactorial model, which involves interaction between predisposing factors of biological nature, partly genetically determined, and psychological/personological and environmental socio-cultural factors. The last 20 years have led to the advancement in our knowledge on the mechanisms of energy homeostasis maintenance. There has been a veritable explosion of studies aim [...]

1499 12303

Open Access Review

Catatonia Following Cessation of Topiramate in a Patient with Prader-Willi Syndrome: Case Report and Review of Literature

Received: 12 January 2020;  Published: 01 April 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002054

Abstract

Case studies have associated catatonia with withdrawal from benzodiazepines and clozapine, both of which have been shown to increase GABA activity. Long-term use of GABAergic medications could result in GABAA downregulation and sudden discontinuation of the GABAergic drug could lead to a GABA hypoactive state which could predispose the patient to catatonia. The anticonvulsant topiramate, is known to increase brain GABA activity. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic imprinting disorder characterized by lack of e [...]

1577 11065

Open Access Review

Dopaminergic Activity and Exercise Behavior in Anorexia Nervosa

Received: 03 December 2019;  Published: 23 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001053

Abstract

Driven exercise (i.e., the tendency to exercise in excess to influence weight/shape or regulate emotion) is difficult to manage in the context of anorexia nervosa, and is associated with poorer treatment outcomes, and psychological and medical severity. Driven exercise is observed in a considerable number of those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa; however, to date, this hallmark symptom remains poorly understood. Dopamine signaling is implicated in motivating and maintaining appetitive behavior among patients with e [...]

2330 15580

Open Access Original Research

The Effects of Subjective and Objective Sleep Monitoring on Sleep Patterns and Attitudes

Received: 22 November 2019;  Published: 11 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001052

Abstract

Self-reports and actigraphy are common methods of sleep monitoring. Portable polysomnography (p-PSG) may serve as a screening tool in natural environments. Common concerns with its use are that sleep and compliance might be affected. Further, dysfunctional beliefs of the subjects may contribute to sleep disturbances, which might manifest throughout sleep monitoring. This study examined the effect of monitoring sleep patterns and attitudes among healthy individuals. Sixty-eight physically active university students [...]

2103 12211

Open Access Review

Neuroscience and its Contribution to Neuroeducation for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Received: 24 October 2019;  Published: 02 March 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001051

Abstract

With an increasing prevalence of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in schools, teachers are in need of different effective ways to educate these individuals who have distinctly different needs and modalities of experience. One area that has been explored is neuroeducation, or using findings from neuroscientific research to inform classroom practice. Neuroscientific findings appear to center on two main themes of neurological differences among children with ASD: sensory processing and emotional processing [...]

1805 13525

Open Access Original Research

Faster and More Accurate Identification of Male Faces in Female Care Home Residents

Received: 21 August 2019;  Published: 26 February 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001050

Abstract

We investigated whether healthy older adults who live in female-dominated old age care homes can identify the gender of male and female faces of people from different ethnicities in the same way as young adults. We hypothesized that this mainly female environment would lead by exposure to a female-gender bias. A sample of 40 participants aged 20-30 and 70-80 years identified the sex-of-face of 120 images of young and old adults, male and female faces, black and white faces, presented in a randomized sequence in a s [...]

2113 12231

Open Access Review

Sleep Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia and Therapeutic Approach Options

Received: 05 November 2019;  Published: 20 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001049

Abstract

Fibromyalgia, characterised by persistent pain, sleep disturbance, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction, is a central sensitivity syndrome that also involves abnormality in peripheral generators and in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Heterogeneity of clinical expression of fibromyalgia with a multifactorial aetiology has made the development of effective therapeutic strategies challenging. Non-restorative sleep associated with poor sleep quality is a characteristic of fibromyalgia which is linked to symptom s [...]

2347 32877

Open Access Review

Psychotropics and Neuroprotection: Literature Review and Case Series Report

Received: 10 November 2019;  Published: 10 January 2020;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001048

Abstract

Agitation is a common manifestation of acute brain injury. When not addressed, agitation can lead to slower recovery rates, including delayed admission to acute rehabilitation programs. Antipsychotics are commonly used to control agitation in acute brain injury in the ICU. However, there is no current consensus on the most "efficacious and safest strategy" for use of antipsychotics in acute TBI. Haloperidol is arguably the commonly used antipsychotic for agitation in ICU setting at present. Interestingly, there are [...]

1796 14175

Open Access Original Research

Exploring Quality of Sleep, Perceived Stress and Resilience in Cancer Survivorship: A Feasibility Study of Mindfulness in Motion

Received: 02 April 2019;  Published: 11 December 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904047

Abstract

Background: The global principles of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) have led to the creation of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs), which are interventions that retrain the mind to modify its usual stress response to increase coping and resilience. Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) is an MBI that has shown significant biologic and positive psychosocial outcomes with adult working populations, but had not previously been tested in oncology populations and their caregivers. Utilizing MIM to improve sleep qua [...]

2174 14217

Open Access Review

Alzheimer’s Disease: Is a Dysfunctional Mevalonate Biosynthetic Pathway the Master-Inducer of Deleterious Changes in Cell Physiology?

Received: 03 October 2019;  Published: 29 November 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904046

Abstract

There is a growing awareness that the proteins—amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau—do not cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but are produced as a result of it. Similarly, doubt reigns over the degree of causality of high plasma cholesterol and prenylation in AD. This review proposes a fresh and important perspective, in addition to the current line of thinking. It emerges from comparative analysis, in evolutionary retrospect, of the characteristics of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathways in insects versus [...]

3115 19014

Open Access Research Article

Relationship between Brain Injury and Clinical Biomarkers in Hypoxic-Ischemic Newborn Piglets

Received: 24 June 2019;  Published: 15 November 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904045

Abstract

Background: The newborn affected by severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injury usually end up dying, and those who survive suffer neurodevelopmental handicaps. Biomarkers are required to identify the hypoxic-ischemic insult in order to determine the early rescue treatment method to be followed. The aim of the present study was to correlate relevant biomarkers to the pathophysiological process of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury at 6 h and 72 h in newborn piglets. Methods:Hypoxia-ischemia was induced in the piglets by clampi [...]

1385 10217

Open Access Research Article

The Relationship between Sleep Quality and Eating Competence in A Sample of Canadian Post-Secondary Students

Received: 09 August 2019;  Published: 31 October 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904044

Abstract

Background: Post-secondary students are at increased risk for sleep problems and poor eating behaviours that overtime may lead to negative health outcomes later in life. However, limited research has examined associations of sleep quality with eating behaviours and eating competence (e.g., being positive, flexible, and comfortable with eating and getting enough enjoyable and nutritious foods) among Canadian post-secondary students. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, participants completed an online surv [...]

1892 11057

Open Access Original Research

Acute Exercise on Reversal Learning

Received: 15 July 2019;  Published: 09 October 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904043

Abstract

Objective: Reversal learning requires an individual to alter their behavior when previously learned reward-based contingencies are reversed. Reversal learning is heavily influenced by cognitive flexibility, which has been shown to be enhanced with acute exercise. However, minimal work has directly evaluated the effects of acute exercise on reversal learning, which was the purpose of this experiment. Methods: A between-subject randomized controlled intervention was employed. Participants (N=60) were randomized into [...]

1490 9508

Open Access Review

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Tool for Quantifying Neurophysiological Changes in the Brain Following Concussion Injury in Sports

Received: 05 July 2019;  Published: 27 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903042

Abstract

Background: Sport-related concussion is a growing public health concern. Defined as a injury that disturbs neurological functions, concussion is characterised by a constellation of signs and symptoms. However, clinical imaging methods do not reveal any structural damage. Recently, neurophysiological techniques such as single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are being applied to quantify neurophysiological changes (specifically corticospinal and intracortical excitation and intracortical inhi [...]

1873 11768

Open Access Research Article

The End Effector of Ischemic Tolerance Present in Blood Plasma from Double Conditioned Donors Ameliorates Trimethyltin Provoked Damage in Brain

Received: 03 June 2019;  Published: 20 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903041

Abstract

Background: Many experiments have been done to demonstrate robust ischemic tolerance efficiency using mostly young and healthy animals. However, the translation of these results to usually elderly and sick patients moreover taking many various medicines has to date been disappointing. 3-Methyltin (TMT) poisoning and short-term transient cerebral ischemia cause similar damage, especially, to selectively vulnerable brain regions such as hippocampal CA1 and CA3. Methods: Using dual conditioning, we activated the full [...]

1786 9148

Open Access Review

Delaying Dementia: Targeted Brain Delivery Using Lipid Cubic Phases

Received: 22 August 2019;  Published: 16 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903040

Abstract

Microvascular endothelial dysfunction precedes, often by decades, the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Hence, preservation of a healthy cerebrovascular endothelium can be an important therapeutic target. By incorporating appropriate drug(s) into biomimetic (lipid cubic phase) nanocarriers, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic which targets certain cell-surface scavenger receptors, mainly class B type I (i.e., SR-BI), and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Documented similarities in [...]

1614 9303

Open Access Review

Impact of Case Management on HIV Patients’ Linkage to Care and Their Clinical Outcome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Received: 11 August 2019;  Published: 09 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903039

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic literature review is to investigate the impact of case management on the link between HIV/AIDS patients (HIV-infected persons) and HIV treatment, and to investigate the impact of case management on their morbidity and mortality. Methods: We searched PubMed, Current Contents, Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Effect Review Summary Database and the ACP Journal Club until May 2018. A randomized clinical trial examined the impact of case management on the association of PLHA with c [...]

2083 11750

Open Access Review

Hyperglycemia-Induced Brain Injury in Preterm Infants

Received: 29 May 2019;  Published: 29 August 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903038

Abstract

Hyperglycemia soon after birth is common in extremely preterm infants. Hyperglycemia is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage and impaired neurodevelopmental outcome in these infants. Recent data in human infants and animal models demonstrate that hyperglycemia leads to decreased white matter content, abnormal synaptogenesis, microgliosis, and functional deficits in the absence of intraventricular hemorrhage. Data suggest that oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal substrate metabolism are respon [...]

1977 13903

Open Access Review

Extra Corporeal Life Support in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

Received: 11 June 2019;  Published: 22 August 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903037

Abstract

Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to describe recent evidence regarding the use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) as rescue therapy for refractory cardiac or respiratory failure in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) when conventional treatments have failed. The characteristics of these patients, including the risk of bleeding and developing malignant intracranial hypertension, are generally considered as relative contraindications to ECMO treatment; however, recent evidence sugges [...]

2067 11236

Open Access Original Research

Characterisation of Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Inflammation in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Received: 13 March 2019;  Published: 01 August 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903036

Abstract

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is a synucleinopathy due to the critical role of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in its pathology. α-Syn is able to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and cause DNA damage. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were stably transfected with plasmids containing wild type (WT) α-Syn and A53T mutant α-Syn as fusion proteins with EGFP and an EGFP only control vector. The cells were differentiated using retinoi [...]

1988 12966

Open Access Review

The Role of Periostin in Brain Injury Caused by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Received: 07 May 2019;  Published: 29 July 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903035

Abstract

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) causes serious brain injury, and its mechanisms have not been completely unraveled so far. The causative factors for the brain injury initiated by an aneurysm rupture, which is referred to as the early brain injury (EBI), include elevated intracranial pressure, cerebral hypoperfusion, and blood contents that are directly exposed to the brain surface. At Day 4–14 post aSAH, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) often develops, which may worsen the neurological outcomes critically. [...]

1860 11965

Open Access Review

Short Sleep in Pupils in Japan: Current Status and Associated Factors

Received: 21 February 2019;  Published: 22 July 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903034

Abstract

Background: Several recommendations on optimum sleep duration have been published for adolescents to secure a healthy life. This study aimed to compare the sleep duration of middle and high school pupils in Japan with the recommended values and determined the factors associated with the duration of sleep among them. Methods: A total of 1766 completed questionnaires were obtained from grades 7 to 12 pupils in Japan. The questionnaire addressed the following points: sleeping, eating, defecation, physical activity, sc [...]

1651 16380

Open Access Original Research

Melatonin Aggravated Oxaliplatin-Mimicking Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome: Role of Platelet Aggregation and Oxidative Stress

Received: 31 March 2019;  Published: 17 July 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903033

Abstract

Background: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is caused by an injury to the liver induced either by accidental ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline or by chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is characterized by rounding and swelling of the sinusoidal endothelial cell, which leads to obstruction of blood vessels, leukocyte infiltration, and oxidative stress. Melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, prevents acute liver injury. We investig [...]

1732 47841

Open Access Research Article

Daytime Sleepiness and the Well-Being and Academic Attainment of University Students in the UK

Received: 02 April 2019;  Published: 02 July 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903032

Abstract

Background: Previous research suggests that insufficient daily sleep has negative effects on both well-being and academic attainment. Much of the research in this field has focused on adolescents and children rather than university students in the UK. Methods: The present study used the Student Well-Being Process Questionnaire and independent sleep questions to measure subjective well-being and levels of sleep in a student sample (N=345) who completed the survey online. Academic attainment was measured with exam an [...]

1943 13049

Open Access Research Article

Autonomic Function Correlates with Microflora Compositions in a Small Cohort of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Preliminary Clinical Data and Discussion

Received: 05 March 2019;  Published: 28 June 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902031

Abstract

Background: Research into the effects of microflora on health and in disease has increased recently. Such enthusiasm seems well placed. Should the preliminary studies translate through the larger, more powerful studies, the medical community may well have an entirely new platform from which to intervene for health and against disease. Methods: Delineating the pathways involved in the microflora and host interaction is likely to yield further avenues for intervention. Here we examine autonomic function and correlate [...]

1983 8361

Open Access Communication

A Neurotransmitter Approach to the Trolley Problem

Received: 25 February 2019;  Published: 28 June 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902030

Abstract

Is it ethically permissible to sacrifice the life of one human being in order to save the lives of five others? This question forms the basis of the famous thought experiment called “the trolley problem.” Surveys have found that 90 percent of people agree it is permissible when the victim to be sacrificed is described as off in the distance, whereas the opposite result occurs if the victim is described as up close. No consistent ethical principle has been identified that account for these results. In this paper we [...]

2339 17240

Open Access Review

Sleep and Help Seeking Behaviours in Australia: A Narrative Review

Received: 22 March 2019;  Published: 27 June 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902029

Abstract

Inadequate sleep is a largely under recognised problem in Australia despite researchers consistently highlighting it as a key component of health and wellbeing. Over a third of Australian adults now experience some form of inadequate sleep, which is consistently linked to a range of accompanying physical and mental health concerns. In addition to the health burden on the individual, the associated financial burden incurred by the community is extremely high with inadequate sleep costing over 66.3 billion annually i [...]

1582 12359

Open Access Case Report

Changes in SPECT Brain Imaging in Pediatric Patients with Suspected Neuroborreliosis: A Series of 6 Cases

Received: 01 April 2019;  Published: 14 May 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902028

Abstract

Lyme disease is a spirochetal illness transmitted primarily through the bite of ticks. The disease has a broad spectrum of comorbid conditions including osteoarticular, cardiovascular, and neurological involvement. In addition, clinical variability depends on the age of affected individuals. The Center for Disease Control recognizes the disease as an epidemic and mentions it to be a major morbidity burden in our environment because of the frequent lack of diagnosis and early treatment. Scientific literature mention [...]

1451 9294

Open Access Review

Connections between Early-Life Neuroinflammation, Neural Stem Cells and Progenitors and Origins of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Received: 13 February 2019;  Published: 13 May 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902027

Abstract

A number of studies have highlighted the connection between infections during pregnancy in mothers and increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders later in life leading to the view that maternal immune activation is a significant contributor to psychiatric illnesses. Meta-analyses have revealed associations between the incidence of premature birth and perinatal inflammation with smaller total brain volumes, cognitive, motor and behavioral deficits in childhood and adolescents. In animal studies where inflammati [...]

1939 12986

Open Access Review

The Effects of Exercise on Long-Term Potentiation: A Candidate Mechanism of the Exercise-Memory Relationship

Received: 30 March 2019;  Published: 10 May 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902026

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the extent to which exercise may influence long-term potentiation (LTP), a key cellular correlate of episodic memory function. Methods: Studies were identified using electronic databases, including PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar. Results: The computerized searches revealed 20 articles meeting the study criteria. Among these 20 evaluated articles, 17 were conducted in an animal model and 3 among humans. All 17 of these studies, with the exce [...]

2578 21161

Open Access Editorial

Editorial: “A New Era in Neuro-Oncology”

Received: 05 May 2019;  Published: 08 May 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902025

1354 7014

Open Access Research Article

Gluten-Free Diet for the Treatment of ADHD; Pilot Study

Received: 17 December 2018;  Published: 03 April 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902024

Abstract

Background: The association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and celiac disease has already been established. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), as well as celiac disease, has been associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders. Our objective is to assess if a proportion of pediatric ADHD patients are affected by NCGS and could consequently benefit from a gluten-free diet. Methods: Pilot study of 6 ADHD patients. Personal or family history suggestive of NCGS was investigated. The Conners Cont [...]

2332 27692

Open Access Review

Ischemic Brain Injury and Regulatory T Cells

Received: 13 January 2019;  Published: 27 March 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901023

Abstract

Inflammation and immune responses after stroke, including ischemic cerebral infarction, play pivotal roles in the pathology, resolution of inflammation, and neurological recovery. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are the cells responsible for immune tolerance, usually activated by secondary lymphatic tissues, which subsequently regulate effector T cell activation and dendritic cell activation. Recently, Tregs that are present in tissues, called tissue Tregs, have been shown to exhibit tissue-specific functions in addition [...]

1855 12909

Open Access Review

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: Translation of Genomic Knowledge to Clinical Practice

Received: 29 November 2018;  Published: 12 March 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901022

Abstract

Pediatric brain tumors account for approximately 25% of all cancers in children and are currently the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the pediatric population with an estimated incidence of 5.14 cases per 100,000 person years [1]. Up to 10-15% of all pediatric brain tumors arise in the brainstem, with the majority of these classified as the diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) subtype [2]. The outcome of children with DIPG remains dismal with a median survival of <1 year. Owing to the unique locatio [...]

1804 13090

Open Access Review

Sporadic and Hereditary Hemangioblastoma: The Role of Endothelial Cells

Received: 26 November 2018;  Published: 04 March 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901021

Abstract

Hemangioblastomas (HBs) are benign, highly vascularized tumors of the central nervous system. Approximately 75% of HBs are sporadic, while 25% are associated with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease. HBs consist of two main components: a rich capillary network composed of vascular endothelia and pericytes, within large vacuolated stromal cells, which harbor the genetic defect. The mechanism by which the VHL gene product (pVHL) causes HB is not completely clear. Wild-type pVHL is involved in the response to hypoxia, tar [...]

1651 11015

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