Register or Submit a manuscript.
Quick Link
OBM Neurobiology

(ISSN 2573-4407)

OBM Neurobiology is an international peer-reviewed Open Access journal published quarterly online by LIDSEN Publishing Inc. By design, the scope of OBM Neurobiology is broad, so as to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of the field of Neurobiology that interfaces biology with the fundamental and clinical neurosciences. As such, OBM Neurobiology embraces rigorous multidisciplinary investigations into the form and function of neurons and glia that make up the nervous system, either individually or in ensemble, in health or disease. OBM Neurobiology welcomes original contributions that employ a combination of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral approaches to report novel neuroanatomical, neuropharmacological, neurophysiological and neurobehavioral findings related to the following aspects of the nervous system: Signal Transduction and Neurotransmission; Neural Circuits and Systems Neurobiology; Nervous System Development and Aging; Neurobiology of Nervous System Diseases (e.g., Developmental Brain Disorders; Neurodegenerative Disorders).

OBM Neurobiology publishes a variety of article types (Original Research, Review, Communication, Opinion, Comment, Conference Report, Technical Note, Book Review, etc.). Although the OBM Neurobiology Editorial Board encourages authors to be succinct, there is no restriction on the length of the papers. Authors should present their results in as much detail as possible, as reviewers are encouraged to emphasize scientific rigor and reproducibility.

Publication Speed (median values for papers published in 2024): Submission to First Decision: 7.6 weeks; Submission to Acceptance: 13.6 weeks; Acceptance to Publication: 6 days (1-2 days of FREE language polishing included)

Current Issue: 2025  Archive: 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017
Open Access Original Research

The Relationship between Anger, Stress, Psychological Distress and Mood Disorders among Entrepreneurs

Nadia A. Abdelmegeed Abdelwahed 1,*, Muhammad Sufyan Ramish 2

  1. Management Department, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, AIAhsa, Saudi Arabia

  2. Institute of Business and Health Management (IBHM), Ojha Campus, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Postal Code: 74200, Pakistan

* Correspondence: Nadia A. Abdelmegeed Abdelwahed

Academic Editor: Vivek Kumar

Special Issue: Neurobiology of Mood Disorders

Received: December 18, 2024 | Accepted: May 11, 2025 | Published: May 26, 2025

OBM Neurobiology 2025, Volume 9, Issue 2, doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502288

Recommended citation: Abdelwahed NAA, Ramish MS. The Relationship between Anger, Stress, Psychological Distress and Mood Disorders among Entrepreneurs. OBM Neurobiology 2025; 9(2): 288; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502288.

© 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is correctly cited.

Abstract

The present study investigates the association between anger, stress, psychological distress and mood disorders among Egyptian entrepreneurs. Approach-wise, the study is quantitative, and its cross-sectional data were collected using a questionnaire. The study’s respondents are Egyptian entrepreneurs involved in several business activities. Hence, the study concluded based on 286 valid responses. We used analysis of moment structures (AMOS) software, where we conducted path analysis to conclude the results. Consequently, the findings of the study demonstrate a positive relationship between anger with psychological distress (H1 = β = 0.458; p < 0.01) and mood depression (β = 0.367; p < 0.01). Besides, stress is positively associated with psychological distress (β = 0.417; p < 0.01) and mood depression (β = 0.462; p < 0.01). Finally, psychological distress is positively related to mood depression (β = 0.226; p < 0.01). The findings of the study assist policymakers and health practitioners in designing policies that may decrease anger and stress among entrepreneurs, which ultimately reduces psychological distress and mood depression. Moreover, psychological distress and mood depression are critical indicators of mental health, reflecting emotional suffering and impaired functioning. Finally, the study’s empirical insights significantly contribute to the domain literature.

Keywords

Mood disorders; psychological stress; anger; mood depression; stress; entrepreneurs

1. Introduction

Psychological distress and mood depression are among the most salient indicators for assessing mental health and well-being [1,2]. More specifically, it is categorized by symptoms, i.e., nervousness, fatigue, restlessness, and feelings of hopelessness [3,4]. On the other hand, mood depression incorporates persistent and continuous states of sadness, low energy, lack of interest in activities, feelings of worthlessness, and, in severe cases, suicidal thoughts [5,6], which severely affect relationships, routines, and also the quality of life. Thus, classifying and assessing such symptoms enables early intervention, reducing the risk of severe consequences, i.e., clinical depression, anxiety disorders, or suicidal behaviour. In this way, there is a substantial contribution of anger and stress in enhancing psychological distress and mood depression [7,8,9,10]. Anger comes through irritability, outbursts, and destructive impulses, which frequently exacerbate feelings of restlessness, agitation, and hopelessness, contributing to the severity of psychological distress. Unrestrained anger can lead to relational conflicts and self-destructive behaviours, lowering mood and growing feelings of worthlessness [11,12]. Likewise, stress, noticeable by prolonged tension, overstretching, agitation, and trouble relaxing, overpowers an individual’s coping mechanisms and perpetuates fatigue, nervousness, and emotional exhaustion [13,14].

In the domain literature, there are several factors such as emotional regulation skills, stress, family set-up, occupational stress, anger, hypertension, chronic pain, lack of social support, etc., are confirmed as the key determinants of mood depression and psychological distress [10,13,15,16,17,18] in the various contexts and organizations. Furthermore, the domain studies such as [1,19,20,21] also recognized the predictive relevance of psychological distress towards mood depression. However, the literature lacks the investigation of an integrated approach in a single model containing constructs such as anger, stress, mood depression, and psychological distress. Contextually, Egyptian entrepreneurs confront significant psychological challenges where stress, anxiety and anger dominantly enhance the psychological distress and mood depression [22,23]. These barriers also enhance entrepreneurs’ uncertainty towards sustainability and business success [24]. Henceforth, understanding psychological distress and mood depression as significant barriers for Egyptian entrepreneurs, we raised the specific questions:

RQ1: How are anger and stress associated with psychological distress and mood depression among Egyptian entrepreneurs?

RQ2: What is the connection between psychological distress and mood depression among Egyptian entrepreneurs?

The study aims to explore the connection between anger, stress, psychological distress, and mood disorders among Egyptian entrepreneurs. The findings of the survey assist in developing policies and strategies regarding diminishing psychological distress and mood depression. Finally, the study’s empirical insights augment the literature’s depth, specifically in the developing context.

2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development

2.1 Anger

Anger is a strong emotional response characterized by irritation, frustration, or hostility. It often leads to outbursts, impulsive behaviours, or a desire to express aggression through yelling, throwing objects, or damaging things [5]. Anger negatively affects psychological and physical well-being. In end-of-life care, it is a prevalent expression of emotional distress, often arising from unmet physical, emotional, or spiritual needs, and addressing it requires empathetic listening and holistic care strategies [25]. Anger is an interpreter of psychological distress, which shows its importance in interventions targeting emotional regulation [26]. Anger also contributes to chronic health conditions, such as hypertension, by intensifying stress responses [27]. It exacerbates stress and depression over time, reflecting its role in stress proliferation [7]. In adolescents, anger interacts with emotions like sadness, influencing distress tolerance and emotional resilience [18]. Besides, age modulates the relationship between anger and depression, necessitating tailored therapeutic approaches [28].

2.2 Stress

Stress is a mental or emotional state that arises from high tension, overreactivity, and difficulty coping with challenges. It manifests as agitation, a sense of expending excessive energy, irritability, difficulty relaxing, and intolerance for interruptions or obstacles [19]. The domain literature demonstrates the positive association between stress, psychological, and physiological distress. In trainee secondary teachers, stress is linked to factors like managing student behaviour, workload, and lack of support, often leading to psychological distress [13]. Nurses and nursing students experience high levels of stress and psychological strain, highlighting occupational and educational challenges as significant stressors [14]. Similarly, academic stress among emerging adults and college students is influenced by gender and coping mechanisms, affecting their psychological well-being and performance [29]. Stress is also implicated in physiological responses, such as oxidative damage, linked to various psychological disorders [30]. Stress and psychological distress, with resilience, play a mediating role in mitigating these effects [31]. Additionally, stress during significant life transitions, such as in midlife women with insomnia, manifests as physiological activation alongside psychological distress [32]. According to [33], stress influences their mood and psychological health. Likewise, during the COVID-19 pandemic, stress’s pervasive nature and dynamic relationship with daily moods and overall psychological states [34].

2.3 Psychological Distress

Psychological distress defines an extent of emotions characterized by symptoms of nervousness, hopelessness, restlessness, sadness, and feelings of worthlessness. It often includes physical manifestations such as fatigue without a clear cause and an inability to calm down or feel at ease. It significantly affects an individual’s ability to cope with daily life and maintain emotional well-being [3,4]. It is a major driver of mental and physical health. For instance, distress is associated with behaviours like smoking among individuals with respiratory conditions and depression in patients undergoing dialysis for kidney disease [35,36]. Besides, social media usage exacerbates psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in this demographic, underscoring its significant impact during formative years [20]. Its association is with harmful behaviours, i.e., polydrug use, which affects risky decision-making [37]. Similarly, food insecurity in young adults contributes to insomnia symptoms, with psychological distress serving as a critical mediating factor [21]. Inmates experiencing distress are at higher risk of self-harm ideation, particularly when compounded by unresolved anger [26]. For patients at the end of life, distress manifests as emotional responses, such as anger, often reflecting unmet psychological and spiritual needs [25].

2.4 Mood Depression

Mood depression is defined as a persistent emotional condition followed by feelings of sadness, loneliness, hopelessness, and a lack of curiosity or excitement in daily happenings. It is often accompanied by physical and behavioural symptoms, i.e., changes in appetite, low energy, sleep disturbances, and a slowed pace of activity. Severe cases may include thoughts of self-harm or suicide [5]. The role of mood depression emerges prominently across different life domains and is linked with stress, interpersonal conflicts, and contextual factors. Mood depression is associated with chronic parenting stress and its cascading effects, highlighting its persistence and emotional toll in caregiving roles [7]. Similarly, in families experiencing conflict, mood depression mediates the link between family dynamics and delinquent behavior in youth, showing its pivotal role in emotional and behavioral outcomes [5]. In adolescents, daily stress significantly contributes to mood depression, with the seeking of social support, particularly through platforms like Facebook, being a coping mechanism that may either mitigate or exacerbate depressive symptoms depending on its quality and effectiveness [33]. Teachers also face high levels of occupational stress, and mood depression impacts their workplace satisfaction and organizational commitment, emphasizing its broader implications on professional functioning [2,38].

As a result, in the domain literature, several factors such as anger, hypertension, chronic pain, lack of social support, emotional regulation skills, stress, family set-up, occupational stress, etc., are found to be the predictors of psychological distress and mood depression [10,13,15,16,17,18,27,39,40] in the several contexts and organizations. Besides, there is also a positive connection between psychological distress and mood depression, which is also confirmed by the literature [1,19,20,21,36,41]. However, the literature still lacks significant gaps. For instance, the literature lacks an integrated framework that offers constructs such as anger and stress towards psychosocial distress and mood depression in a single model. Simultaneously, the connection between psychosocial distress and mood depression disappears in the presence of anger and anxiety. Finally, contextually, the investigation of such a framework among Egyptian entrepreneurs has still disappeared. Thus, based on this existing knowledge and contextual gaps, we proposed a model (Figure 1) for confirmation among Egyptian entrepreneurs. The conceptual framework of the study suggests a projecting effect of anger and stress on both psychosocial distress and mood depression. Besides, the study also intends to explore the connection between psychosocial distress and mood depression.

Click to view original image

Figure 1 Conceptual model of the study. Source: Developed by the researchers.

This study is supported by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping [42] which suggests how threats, stress, and emotional problems can be managed. In the context of entrepreneurs, this offers a valuable framework for accepting how entrepreneurs cognitively appraise and emotionally respond to the pressures integral to entrepreneurial environments. [43]’s study demonstrates that emotional strain, i.e., psychological distress, emerges when individuals perceive environmental demands as exceeding their coping capacity, a situation common in entrepreneurship due to uncertainty and high responsibility. Likewise, cognitive vulnerabilities, designed by individual differences, may intensify susceptibility to depression when stress is perceived as uncontrollable [44,45]. In the same direction, scholars like [46,47] reinforce the prominence of emotional reactions like anger in organizational stress, demonstrating that such emotions are affected by how individuals attribute and appraise stressful events.

2.5 Anger, Psychological Distress and Mood Depression

Anger is a factor that positively enhances psychological distress, which ultimately worsens mental and physical health complexities. Anger frequently arises in response to unchangeable or unjust circumstances [48], chronic illness [8,9], and end-of-life experiences [25]. This unresolved anger can heighten psychological distress, as seen among inmates where anger is a predictor of self-harm ideation [26], and in individuals with hypertension and chronic pain, where anger contributes to worsened health and distress [27,40]. The psychological toll of anger is particularly pronounced when individuals struggle with coping or lack social support, which otherwise serve as protective factors [10,39]. Low distress tolerance and the inability to manage anger exacerbate mental health issues, underscoring the need for emotional regulation skills [15,18]. There is an adverse role of anger in distressing experiences and a potent amplifier of psychological distress which affects mental well-being and physical health [49].

Similarly, anger has a positive role in developing mood depression. Anger is also increasingly recognized as an overlooked aspect of depression, where it may be apparent as anger attacks or irritability, particularly in individuals with major depressive disorder [50,51]. It also anger mediates the links between family conflict, childhood abuse, and caregiving stress [5,7,52]. In adolescent populations, family dynamics, anger and depression potentially influence emotions or are directed outwardly [53]. Besides, rumination on anger versus sadness has been shown to relate differently to aggression and mood depression [54]. The cyclical relationship between anger, depression, and stress is evident in caregivers, whose daily emotional states fluctuate with stress levels, leading to a proliferation of these emotions across different life areas [55]. Remarkably, anger may also play a role in transforming victimization into aggression, as observed in cases of childhood abuse and in conditions like premenstrual dysphoric disorder, where anger may more accurately represent emotional distress than depression [12,28,56].

As a result, the domain literature demonstrates a positive relationship between anger and psychological distress and mood depression. However, these connections in the presence of stress as a predictor have been underexplored, specifically among Egyptian entrepreneurs. Henceforth, based on this deficiency of empirical evidence, we proposed:

H1. There is a positive relationship between anger and psychological distress.

H2. There is a positive relationship between anger and mood depression.

2.6 Stress, Psychological Distress and Mood Depression

Stress is associated with psychological distress. According to [13], trainee secondary teachers in England experience significant stress due to high workloads and classroom management challenges, leading to psychological distress. Similarly, nurses and nursing students face chronic stress from their demanding roles, which correlates with ongoing mental health issues [14]. In occupational settings, routine stress in police work contributes significantly to psychological distress [57]. In the perception of [58], there is no significant connection between religiosity and psychological distress among undergraduate students. Besides, in the families’ set-up, stress negatively affects psychological well-being [59]. Gender differences also play a crucial role [17,29] indicating that females frequently report higher stress and psychological distress levels than males. Biologically, [30] links oxidative stress to psychological disorders, while [32] demonstrates that stress activates physiological responses that exacerbate distress. [31]’s study claims the mediation contribution of resilience in developing stress-distress relationships among parents of children with cancer. In the same notion, [60]’s study notes that gender influences the translation of work stress into mental health outcomes and coping strategies and resilience can mitigate the psychological impact of stress.

Similarly, stress is also a positive predictor of mood depression. Stress reactivity increases vulnerability to depression among college students. At the same time, [61] claims a cognitive-affective mediation model where cognitive appraisal influences the impact of life stress on mood in adolescents [62]. [63]’s study demonstrates that mindfulness can mitigate the effects of daily stress on depressive symptoms. Additionally, [64] finds that reactivity to minor stressors is more strongly linked to mood depression than total stress. Among parents, stress correlates with mood depression [38]. According to [65], factors such as poverty and stress create depression. Likewise, [66] connects stress to mood disorders through biological mechanisms. Social support seeking through Facebook mediates the impact of daily stress on adolescents’ moods, reflecting the role of social dynamics in stress response [33]. [7]’s study claims that children's symptom affects parents’ mood depression through stress proliferation, while [16] highlight the connection between occupational stress and depressive mood among healthcare workers. The impact of perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic on daily moods suggests the pandemic’s unique stressors on mental health [34]. [2]’ study suggests that work-related stress and mood depression among teachers. Academic stress is a contributor to depression among college students during the pandemic [67]. In the empirical assessment of [68], temporal dynamics of perceived stress generate depression in college students.

Different studies are conducted on the relevant domain in Egypt. For instance, in an Egyptian construction site study [69] performance is negatively affected by various psychological factors such as depression, stress, and anxiety. On the other hand, stress and anxiety are positively associated with depression. Similarly, among Egyptian entrepreneurs, stress is negatively connected with personal income, entrepreneurial intention, and physical health [22].

Consequently, the above literature demonstrates a positive link between stress, psychological distress, and mood depression. However, in the context of Egypt, stress, anxiety, and depression are investigated towards performance, entrepreneurial intention, physical health, etc., among entrepreneurs. Still, specifically, the stress factor towards psychological distress and mood depression, integrated in a way, lacks empirical assessment. Henceforth, we expect:

H3. There is a positive relationship between stress and psychological distress.

H4. There is a positive relationship between stress and mood depression.

2.7 Psychological Distress and Mood Depression

Psychological distress positively and significantly predicts mood depression. Psychological distress, usually triggered by external stressors such as academic pressure, chronic health issues, and social media exposure, regularly precedes or predicts mood depression [1,19,35]. For instance, university students returning to in-person classes post-pandemic reported the highest levels of distress and depressive symptoms due to academic and social readjustment [19]. Similarly, individuals with chronic illnesses experience psychological distress related to health concerns, which ultimately worsens their mood over time [36]. Among adolescents, social media use has been linked to psychological distress and depressive symptoms, with passive social comparison contributing to negative mood [1,20]. Psychological distress can also arise from perfectionistic tendencies and impostor syndrome, which place individuals under constant self-imposed pressure and increase vulnerability to depressive thoughts [41,70]. Besides, psychological distress regularly initiates mood, while a mood depression heightens sensitivity to distress, forming a feedback loop [21,71]. In sum, psychological distress commonly serves as a precursor to mood depression, which amplifies perceptions of distress, leading to a reinforcing cycle that complicates recovery. In the literature, several studies have underlined the related investigations in Egypt. For instance, among Egyptian public-sector university students, depression and stress negatively affect entrepreneurs’ psychological well-being [72]. Eco-anxiety positively affects individuals’ mental health problems but hurts entrepreneurs’ psychological well-being. Furthermore, climate change anxiety is positively connected with mental health problems but negatively with the psychological well-being of Egyptian entrepreneurs [24].

As a result, the literature demonstrates a positive association between psychological distress and mood depression. In the Egyptian context, factors such as depression, stress, eco-anxiety, and climate change anxiety are investigated as the predictors of entrepreneurs’ psychological well-being, mental health problems, entrepreneurial intention, and physical health [22,24,69,72]. However, the connection between psychological distress and mood depression needs further confirmation among Egyptian entrepreneurs as they confront these challenges due to ups and downs in business and entrepreneurship. Thus, we expect:

H5. There is a positive relationship between psychological distress and mood depression.

2.8 Ethical Statement

We carefully considered ethical principles. The institutional ethical committee of "the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia", approved the ethical protocols of the respondents vide project grant no. KFU251854. We ensured their privacy and secrecy regarding the utilization of their responses.

3. Methods

3.1 Approach and Respondents of the Study

We applied a quantitative approach with cross-sectional data to infer the results. The method is well-reputed, providing massive and reliable factors with numbers, figures, and graphical representations [73]. In the domain of psychological distress, fear, anger, stress, and mood depression, numerous scholars like [4,5,10,16,17,18,19] applied the same strategy or quantitative approach to explore these issues.

We targeted the entrepreneurs of Egypt as suitable respondents for this study. We set the criteria for the entrepreneurs based on their current ownership and active management of a registered business in Egypt, their operation in either the manufacturing, services, or trade sectors, and their full-time business operation of at least one year. These entrepreneurs face significant psychological challenges, including anger, stress, psychological distress, and mood depression, driven by financial instability, systemic barriers, and environmental concerns in Egypt. Limited access to funding and unpredictable income contribute to frustration and stress, particularly in volatile sectors like tourism [22,23]. Additionally, work-life imbalance and the high demands for resilience in crises exacerbate mental strain, leading to burnout and psychological distress [23]. Emerging climate-related concerns further heighten anxiety as entrepreneurs grapple with the uncertainty of sustainability and business survival, which can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression [24].

3.2 Questionnaire’s Reliability and Validity

Adequate and valid studies must be conducted to determine the reliability and validity of the survey tools. Considering this, we conducted a pilot study to confirm these critical aspects. In this way, we assessed reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. As a result, the overall reliability is found to be 0.832, while it also appeared to be greater than 0.70 for all the constructs, which is regarded as fair [74]. We also validated the instrument by seeking feedback from both respondents and field experts [75].

3.3 Data Collection Modes

We applied both online and offline modes of data collection based on convenience sampling to trace Egyptian entrepreneurs. We conducted an online survey using different channels, such as online platforms and social media, such as WhatsApp groups and Facebook pages. Besides, we developed the digital questionnaire using Google Forms and distributed it via email invitations and professional networks, i.e., emails and LinkedIn platforms. Besides, we conducted in-person visits, where we contacted respondents with printed copies of the questionnaire and distributed them in person.

In this way, we obtained informed consent from each participant after explaining the study’s purpose and the voluntary nature of participation. Finally, the researchers collected 286 valid responses/cases and employed them for final analysis.

In this study, we applied G*Power, a statistical program that ensures a minimum sample size. We used three predictors with three regressions at a statistical significance level of 0.05 [76,77]. Hence, G*Power suggested that 119 cases are enough to get the results or test the study’s hypotheses [78]. In this way, our 286 sample size fulfils all the requirements.

3.4 Measurements

We measured all the variables from the domain literature, where each scale item is calculated by applying a five-point Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree). More specifically, we measured the anger variable with four items and mood depression with ten items. These items are adopted from [5]. Likewise, we assessed stress using seven items from the study of [19]. Finally, we evaluated the psychological distress variable with ten items, which are adopted from [3,4] [for details see Table 1].

Table 1 Measurements.

4. Results

4.1 Respondents’ Profile

The demographic profile of the respondents suggests a majority of male respondents [n = 184/64.33%] than female respondents [n = 102/35.67%]. Concerning the age of respondents, we used exclusion criteria that included individuals under 18, those involved only in informal or part-time business activities, and individuals who did not have managerial responsibilities within their ventures. In this way, the majority of respondents were 26-35 [n = 122/42.66%], 36-45 [n = 86/30.07%], 18-25 [n = 40/13.99%], 46-55 [n = 31/10.84], and 56 and above [n = 7/2.44%]. Concerning the educational level of the respondents, a majority of respondents have a bachelor’s degree [n = 162/56.64%], 25.18 [n = 72] possessed a Master’s degree, 16.78% [n = 16.78] had high school or less educational level. Only 1.40 [n = 4] had a doctoral or professional degree. Finally, the entrepreneurial experience indicator shows that a majority of respondents [n = 87/30.42%] were 4-7, while a minority of respondents [9.09%/n = 26] had less than one year of experience in entrepreneurship (see Table 2).

Table 2 Respondents’ profile.

4.2 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation

To conclude the illustration of data for the entire population, we calculated descriptive statistics. We detected the highest mean scores for MDP (3.532) and the lowest for AGR (2.988). With regard to the values of standard deviation, we noticed the highest values for AGR (1.212) and the weakest for MDP (1.109) (see Table 3).

Table 3 Descriptive statistics.

4.3 Measurement Model

In this study, for data analysis, we applied analysis of moment structures (AMOS) software, where we conducted path analysis due to its simultaneous ability to test the complex and simple relationships in the model [79]. In the measurement model, we assessed three primary constructs: loadings, average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability. About loadings, a majority of items have been loaded above the required values (>0.70), as suggested by [74]. However, a few items, such as STS4, PGD6, PGD9, MDP3 and MDP7, were not loaded above the required values and were deleted accordingly. Furthermore, the values of composite reliability and AVE are found within acceptable ranges as composite reliability appeared above 0.70 (>0.70) and AVE above 0.50 (>0.50) [74]. Finally, we also evaluated the internal consistency of the items through Cronbach’s alpha (α) reliability. As a result, alpha also appeared above 0.70 (>0.70) for all the constructs of the study and ensured an adequate and fair reliability among the items (Table 4).

Table 4 Measurement model.

The researchers assessed discriminant validity (DV), the extent of correlation between study variables [66]. To fulfil this critical aspect, we measured DV where all the correlations of variables appeared between 0.221 and 0.472, which is less than the square root of the AVE estimates, in the value of 0.494 to 0.791. This validates strongly that the variables are correlated to their pertinent indicators compared to other constructs [66]. Besides, the correlation between exogenous components is less than 0.85 (Table 5). Thus, the DV of the model variables is met.

Table 5 Discriminant validity.

4.4 Structural Model

Before moving to hypothesized paths, we ensured the model fitness where all the model fit indicators were found within the standard ranges (see caption of Figure 2). About hypothesis testing, we applied path analysis, where the study shows a positive relationship of anger with both psychological distress and mood depression (H1 = β = 0.458; p < 0.01; H2 = β = 0.367; p < 0.01). Thus, H1-H2 are accepted. Moreover, stress’s relationship with psychological distress and mood depression (H3 = β = 0.417; p < 0.01; H4 = β = 0.462; p < 0.01) is also positive and significant, which supports H3-H4. Finally, psychological distress has a positive relationship with mood depression, which also supported the H5 (H5 = β = 0.226; p < 0.01) (see Table 6 and Figure 2).

Table 6 SEM coefficients.

Click to view original image

Figure 2 Path model. Source: Authors’ estimation. Note: MDP = mood depression; PGD = psychological distress; AGR = anger; STS = stress.

5. Discussion

The study was projected to investigate the connection between anger, stress, psychological distress, and mood disorders among Egyptian entrepreneurs. The findings of the study suggest a positive relationship between anger and psychological distress and mood depression. These results concur with several scholars like [10,12,15,18,25,28,39,55,56], who confirmed a positive relationship between anger and psychological distress and mood depression. On the other hand, these results are in contradiction with studies such as [15,18,25,49], which claimed a negative connection between anger, psychological distress and mood depression. The study’s results demonstrate that anger is a substantial construct that positively triggers the high stress and uncertainty of entrepreneurial activities, which enhances frustration with unmet expectations or perceived lack of control. In the context of Egyptian entrepreneurs, anger enhances negative emotions, i.e., sadness and hopelessness, which leads to an upsurge in psychological distress and depressive symptoms. Besides, recurrent expressions of anger, such as roaring or irritability, may ruin relationships and diminish access to social support, worsening feelings of loneliness and worthlessness. Physiologically, chronic anger triggers stress responses and contributes to fatigue, restlessness, and emotional exhaustion. Culturally, anger may also be observed as a legitimate response to misfortune, but when unfettered, it risks escalating mental health challenges in the Egyptian context.

Furthermore, the study confirmed a positive relationship of stress with both psychological distress and mood depression, which are reinforced by the domain literature [2,17,31,33,34,60,66,67,68]. On the other hand, these results are in contradiction with several studies like [17,29,58,59], which observed the negative connection between stress, psychological distress and mood depression. These results demonstrate that Egyptian entrepreneurs are in chronic stress, characterized by tension, overreaction, and trouble relaxing, which continuously stems from the constant decision-making and energy demands of managing a business. Entrepreneurs’ low tolerance for disruptions and tendency to get easily nervous or angry may worsen interpersonal conflicts and emotional strain. Cultural and societal pressures in Egypt, combined with the uncertainty of entrepreneurial ventures, strengthen these stressors, growing vulnerability to distress and depression. Besides, Egyptian entrepreneurs neglect self-care and experience burnout due to overwork and perfectionism, which exacerbate their mental health challenges.

Finally, the results show a positive connection between psychological distress and mood depression. These outcomes are supported by the literature, which provided the same outcomes as earlier claimed by [1,19,20,21,36,41]. However, these results are not supported by a few researchers, such as [18,49,59]. These positive results demonstrate that Egyptian entrepreneurs constantly experience moods of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest, which are marked signs of depression, together with the emotional exhaustion and insignificance associated with psychological distress. There are an existence of several symptoms, i.e., changes in appetite, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depression. The continuous nervousness worsens these feelings of being overwhelmed and restlessness, which illustrate psychological distress. This makes a cycle where physical and emotional symptoms strengthen one another, increasing both psychological distress and mood depression. In the high-pressure, indeterminate entrepreneurial environment, this cycle is more augmented by burnout, high expectations, and a lack of work-life balance, ultimately leading to a substantial decline in the mental health of Egyptian entrepreneurs.

6. Conclusion

Psychological distress and symptoms of mood depression are widely recognized as key indicators in the evaluation of mental health and well-being. The study offers practical implications as these address Egyptian entrepreneurs’ emotional and psychological well-being is crucial for their personal health and business success. The study focuses on interventions for stress management and emotional regulation techniques, i.e., relaxation exercises, mindfulness, and anger management programs. Entrepreneurs must be inspired to adopt strategies to handle stress better, avoid overburdening, and improve work-life balance to decrease the impact of psychological distress. Moreover, offering mental health support and generating a more supportive entrepreneurial ecosystem, with access to counselling and peer networks, could assist in alleviating the risk of depression. By addressing the main reasons for psychological distress, such as anger and stress, entrepreneurs can maintain better mental health, which in turn could improve their decision-making, productivity, and overall well-being.

Concerning the theoretical implications, the study's findings contribute to the thoughtfulness of emotional factors, i.e., anger and stress, impacting mental health consequences among entrepreneurs. These outcomes also assist the requirement for a more robust model of entrepreneurial mental health that integrates emotional factors such as anger, stress, and psychological distress as key enablers of well-being. Moreover, the findings challenge traditional views, frequently overlooking entrepreneurship’s emotional and psychological toll. This study validates the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping in the context of entrepreneurs, which offers the best insights into the theoretical stance. This suggests that future research should examine how these emotions interact over time and affect short-term and long-term entrepreneurial consequences. The study delivers a foundation for developing more comprehensive theories on the psychological processes at play in entrepreneurship and underlining the prominence of emotional health in sustaining personal and professional success.

The study has a few limitations as it is conducted in a developing context. Approach-wise, the study only employed the quantitative methods, which collected the cross-sectional responses from the respondents. The study is restricted to a few variables, such as anger, stress, psychological distress, and mood depression. Besides, the study is limited to a specific context of Egypt, where only entrepreneurs are targeted as suitable units of analysis. The study only collected the data through a single source (questionnaire). The findings are correlational and cannot imply causation, and b) results may not generalize beyond the sampled group of Egyptian entrepreneurs. Hence, more research is needed in diverse populations and with longitudinal methods. Finally, the study’s conclusions are based on only a 286 sample size.

In the future, more studies should be conducted by underpinning the theoretical frameworks with concerned theories, such as cognitive appraisal theory and the biopsychosocial model, to predict psychological distress and mood depression. More variables, such as anxiety, fear, mental health problems, and psychological well-being constructs, should be added to the model. Other respondents, such as engineers, doctors, and faculty members, may be targeted as the respondents of future studies. Lastly, the sample size should be enhanced to achieve more generalizability.

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

The researcher sincerely thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia for providing the funds. The researcher also appreciates the respondents who gave their precious time for providing their valuable responses.

Author Contributions

Abdelwahed NAA developed the conceptualization framework, hypotheses of the study, analyzed the data and discussed the results in the light of literature. Ramish MS developed the methods and write-up of the manuscript. Both authors accepted the final version after revisions.

Funding

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [GRANT KFU251854].

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

  1. Thorisdottir IE, Sigurvinsdottir R, Kristjansson AL, Allegrante JP, Lilly CL, Sigfusdottir ID. Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents. Prev Med. 2020; 141: 106270. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  2. Ozyildirim G. Teachers' occupational health: A structural model of work‐related stress, depressed mood at work, and organizational commitment. Psychol Sch. 2024; 61: 2930-2948. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  3. Andrews G, Slade T. Interpreting scores on the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10). Aust N Z J Public Health. 2001; 25: 494-497. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  4. Uddin MN, Islam FM, Al Mahmud A. Psychometric evaluation of an interview-administered version of the Kessler 10-item questionnaire (K10) for measuring psychological distress in rural Bangladesh. BMJ Open. 2018; 8: e022967. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  5. Sigfusdottir ID, Farkas G, Silver E. The role of depressed mood and anger in the relationship between family conflict and delinquent behavior. J Youth Adolesc. 2004; 33: 509-522. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  6. Hall KS, White KO, Rickert VI, Reame N, Westhoff C. Influence of depressed mood and psychological stress symptoms on perceived oral contraceptive side effects and discontinuation in young minority women. Contraception. 2012; 86: 518-525. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  7. Benson PR, Karlof KL. Anger, stress proliferation, and depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: A longitudinal replication. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009; 39: 350-362. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  8. McIntosh RC, Hurwitz BE, Antoni M, Gonzalez A, Seay J, Schneiderman N. The ABCs of trait anger, psychological distress, and disease severity in HIV. Ann Behav Med. 2015; 49: 420-433. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  9. Borghi L, Leone D, Vegni E, Galiano V, Lepadatu C, Sulpizio P, et al. Psychological distress, anger and quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome: Associations with biochemical, phenotypical and socio-demographic factors. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2018; 39: 128-137. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  10. Karam JM, Bitar Z, Malaeb D, Fekih-Romdhane F, Hallit S, Obeid S. Perceived social competencies as moderators: Examining the relationship between psychological distress and aggression, hostility, and anger in Lebanese adults. BMC Psychol. 2024; 12: 212. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  11. Wolfsdorf BA, Freeman J, D'Eramo K, Overholser J, Spirito A. Mood states: Depression, anger, and anxiety. In: Evaluating and treating adolescent suicide attempters. New York, NY: Academic Press; 2003. pp. 53-88. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  12. Lee Y, Kim S. The role of anger and depressive mood in transformation process from victimization to perpetration. Child Abuse Negl. 2017; 63: 131-140. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  13. Chaplain RP. Stress and psychological distress among trainee secondary teachers in England. Educ Psychol. 2008; 28: 195-209. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  14. Watson R, Gardiner E, Hogston R, Gibson H, Stimpson A, Wrate R, et al. A longitudinal study of stress and psychological distress in nurses and nursing students. J Clin Nurs. 2009; 18: 270-278. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  15. Novaco RW, Swanson RD, Gonzalez OI, Gahm GA, Reger MD. Anger and postcombat mental health: Validation of a brief anger measure with US soldiers postdeployed from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychol Assess. 2012; 24: 661-675. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  16. Kim K, Lee S, Choi YH. Relationship between occupational stress and depressive mood among interns and residents in a tertiary hospital, Seoul, Korea. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2015; 2: 117-122. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  17. Matud MP, Ibáñez I, Fortes D, Bethencourt JM. Adolescent stress, psychological distress and well-being: A gender analysis. Child Youth Serv. 2024; 45: 300-323. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  18. Unbrin A, Khanum S, Shahzadi M, Imtiaz M. Associates of distress tolerance among adolescents: Role of anger, worry and sadness. Pak J Humanit Social Sci. 2024; 12: 79-86. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  19. Farfán-Latorre M, Estrada-Araoz EG, Lavilla-Condori WG, Ulloa-Gallardo NJ, Calcina-Álvarez DA, Meza-Orue LA, et al. Mental health in the post-pandemic period: Depression, anxiety, and stress in Peruvian University students upon return to face-to-face classes. Sustainability. 2023; 15: 11924. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  20. Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2020; 25: 79-93. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  21. Vázquez-Colón N, López-Cepero A, Amaya C, Tucker KL, Kiefe CI, Person SD, et al. The association between food insecurity and insomnia symptoms among young adults in Puerto Rico and the mediating role of psychological distress symptoms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024; 21: 1296. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  22. Abdelwahed NAA. The impact of psychological stress on personal income, physical health and entrepreneurial intentions among entrepreneurs. OBM Neurobiol. 2024; 8: 205. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  23. Haddoud MY, Onjewu AK, Al-Azab MR, Elbaz AM. The psychological drivers of entrepreneurial resilience in the tourism sector. J Bus Res. 2022; 141: 702-712. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  24. Abdelwahed NAA, Ramish MS. Predictive effect of eco-anxiety and climate change anxiety towards mental health problems and psychological well-being among entrepreneurs. OBM Neurobiol. 2024; 8: 250. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  25. O’Grady E, Dempsey L, Fabby C. Anger: A common form of psychological distress among patients at the end of life. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2012; 18: 592-596. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  26. Humber N, Emsley R, Pratt D, Tarrier N. Anger as a predictor of psychological distress and self-harm ideation in inmates: A structured self-assessment diary study. Psychiatry Res. 2013; 210: 166-173. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  27. Mushtaq M, Najam N. Psychological distress and components of anger: Predictors of hypertension development. Sci J Psychol. 2014; 175: 1-4. [Google scholar]
  28. Han Z. The impact of anger and age on depression. Discov Psychol. 2024; 4: 146. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  29. Matud MP, Díaz A, Bethencourt JM, Ibáñez I. Stress and psychological distress in emerging adulthood: A gender analysis. J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 2859. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  30. Salim S. Oxidative stress and psychological disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2014; 12: 140-147. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  31. Luo Y, Xu J, Xie J, Xiao P, Cai Q. The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between stress and psychological distress in parents of children with cancer. J Health Psychol. 2024; 29: 266-274. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  32. Shaver JL, Johnston SK, Lentz MJ, Landis CA. Stress exposure, psychological distress, and physiological stress activation in midlife women with insomnia. Biopsychosoc Sci Med. 2002; 64: 793-802. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  33. Frison E, Eggermont S. The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook. Comput Human Behav. 2015; 44: 315-325. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  34. Xie M, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Lin D. Associations between trait and state perceived stress and daily moods: COVID-19 stressful experiences as a moderator. Curr Psychol. 2024; 43: 14894-14908. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  35. Wagena EJ, Kant I, Huibers MJ, Van Amelsvoort LG, Swaen GM, Wouters EF, et al. Psychological distress and depressed mood in employees with asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema: A population-based observational study on prevalence and the relationship with smoking cigarettes. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004; 19: 147-153. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  36. Zalai D, Szeifert L, Novak M. Psychological distress and depression in patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2012; 25: 428-438. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  37. Kelly AB, Chan GC, Mason WA, Williams JW. The relationship between psychological distress and adolescent polydrug use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015; 29: 787-793. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  38. Van der Oord S, Prins PJ, Oosterlaan J, Emmelkamp PM. The association between parenting stress, depressed mood and informant agreement in ADHD and ODD. Behav Res Ther. 2006; 44: 1585-1595. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  39. Wei M, Heppner PP, Mallinckrodt B. Perceived coping as a mediator between attachment and psychological distress: A structural equation modeling approach. J Couns Psychol. 2003; 50: 438-447. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  40. Carson JW, Keefe FJ, Goli V, Fras AM, Lynch TR, Thorp SR, et al. Forgiveness and chronic low back pain: A preliminary study examining the relationship of forgiveness to pain, anger, and psychological distress. J Pain. 2005; 6: 84-91. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  41. Wang KT, Sheveleva MS, Permyakova TM. Imposter syndrome among Russian students: The link between perfectionism and psychological distress. Pers Individ Dif. 2019; 143: 1-6. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  42. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer; 1984. [Google scholar]
  43. Martin PD, Daniels FM. Application of Lazarus's cognitive transactional model of stress-appraisal-coping in an undergraduate mental health nursing programme in the Western Cape, South Africa: Theory development. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance. 2014; 20: 513-522. [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  44. Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychol Bull. 2001; 127: 773-796. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  45. Maan Diong S, Bishop GD, Enkelmann HC, Tong EM, Why YP, Ang JC, et al. Anger, stress, coping, social support and health: Modelling the relationships. Psychol Health. 2005; 20: 467-495. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  46. Perrewé PL, Zellars KL. An examination of attributions and emotions in the transactional approach to the organizational stress process. J Organ Behav. 1999; 20: 739-752. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  47. Zimmer‐Gembeck MJ. Peer rejection, victimization, and relational self‐system processes in adolescence: Toward a transactional model of stress, coping, and developing sensitivities. Child Dev Perspect. 2016; 10: 122-127. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  48. Fischer AR, Good GE. Women's feminist consciousness, anger, and psychological distress. J Couns Psychol. 2004; 51: 437-446. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  49. Castelli L, De Santis F, De Giorgi I, Deregibus A, Tesio V, Leombruni P, et al. Alexithymia, anger and psychological distress in patients with myofascial pain: A case-control study. Front Psychol. 2013; 4: 490. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  50. Painuly N, Sharan P, Mattoo SK. Relationship of anger and anger attacks with depression: A brief review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005; 255: 215-222. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  51. Pasquini M, Picardi A, Biondi M, Gaetano P, Morosini P. Relevance of anger and irritability in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Psychopathology. 2004; 37: 155-160. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  52. Sigfusdottir ID, Asgeirsdottir BB, Gudjonsson GH, Sigurdsson JF. Suicidal ideations and attempts among adolescents subjected to childhood sexual abuse and family conflict/violence: The mediating role of anger and depressed mood. J Adolesc. 2013; 36: 1227-1236. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  53. Jackson J, Kuppens P, Sheeber LB, Allen NB. Expression of anger in depressed adolescents: The role of the family environment. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011; 39: 463-474. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  54. Peled M, Moretti MM. Ruminating on rumination: Are rumination on anger and sadness differentially related to aggression and depressed mood? J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2010; 32: 108-117. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  55. Leggett AN, Zarit SH, Kim K, Almeida DM, Klein LC. Depressive mood, anger, and daily cortisol of caregivers on high-and low-stress days. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015; 70: 820-829. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  56. Hartlage SA, Arduino KE. Toward the content validity of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Do anger and irritability more than depressed mood represent treatment-seekers' experiences? Psychol Rep. 2002; 90: 189-202. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  57. Liberman AM, Best SR, Metzler TJ, Fagan JA, Weiss DS, Marmar CR. Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police. Policing. 2002; 25: 421-441. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  58. O’Connor DB, Cobb J, O’Connor RC. Religiosity, stress and psychological distress: No evidence for an association among undergraduate students. Pers Individ Dif. 2003; 34: 211-217. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  59. Avison WR, Ali J, Walters D. Family structure, stress, and psychological distress: A demonstration of the impact of differential exposure. J Health Soc Behav. 2007; 48: 301-317. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  60. Wang JL, Lesage A, Schmitz N, Drapeau A. The relationship between work stress and mental disorders in men and women: Findings from a population-based study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008; 62: 42-47. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  61. Chang EC. Life stress and depressed mood among adolescents: Examining a cognitive-affective mediation model. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2001; 20: 416-429. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  62. Felsten G. Stress reactivity and vulnerability to depressed mood in college students. Pers Individ Dif. 2004; 36: 789-800. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  63. Dixon HC, Overall NC. Dispositional mindfulness attenuates the link between daily stress and depressed mood. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2016; 35: 255-268. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  64. Felsten G. Minor stressors and depressed mood: Reactivity is more strongly correlated than total stress. Stress Health. 2002; 18: 75-81. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  65. Hammack PL, Robinson WL, Crawford I, Li ST. Poverty and depressed mood among urban African-American adolescents: A family stress perspective. J Child Fam Stud. 2004; 13: 309-323. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  66. Calabrese F, Molteni R, Racagni G, Riva MA. Neuronal plasticity: A link between stress and mood disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34: S208-S216. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  67. Chen B, Wang W, Yang S. The relationship between academic stress and depression among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from China. BMC Psychiatry. 2024; 24: 46. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  68. Feng G, Xu X, Wu J, Lei J. The temporal dynamics of perceived stress and depression in college students: An ecological momentary assessment. Psych J. 2024. doi: 10.1002/pchj.803. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  69. Abdelwahed NAA, Al Doghan MA, Ali Soomro B. Anxiety, stress and depression as the notorious barriers to achieving a massive performance among Egyptian construction site workers. OBM Neurobiol. 2023; 7: 197. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  70. Wimberley TE, Stasio MJ. Perfectionistic thoughts, personal standards, and evaluative concerns: Further investigating relationships to psychological distress. Cognit Ther Res. 2013; 37: 277-283. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  71. Endrighi R, Steptoe A, Hamer M. The effect of experimentally induced sedentariness on mood and psychobiological responses to mental stress. Br J Psychiatry. 2016; 208: 245-251. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  72. Abdelwahed NAA, Ramish MS. Mental hindrances and entrepreneurial supports towards psychological wellbeing among entrepreneurs. OBM Neurobiol. 2024; 8: 245. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  73. John P. Quantitative methods. In: Theory and methods in political science. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers; 2010. pp. 216-230. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  74. Hair JF, Risher JJ, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. Eur Bus Rev. 2019; 31: 2-24. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  75. Friede T, Kieser M. Sample size recalculation in internal pilot study designs: A review. Biom J. 2006; 48: 537-555. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  76. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009; 41: 1149-1160. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
  77. Ooi SK, Yeap JA, Low Z. Loyalty towards telco service providers: The fundamental role of consumer brand engagement. Eur Bus Rev. 2022; 34: 85-102. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  78. Yong JY, Yusliza MY, Ramayah T, Fawehinmi O. Nexus between green intellectual capital and green human resource management. J Clean Prod. 2019; 215: 364-374. [CrossRef] [Google scholar]
  79. McDonald RP, Ho MH. Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychol Methods. 2002; 7: 64-82. [CrossRef] [Google scholar] [PubMed]
Journal Metrics
2024
CiteScore SJR SNIP
1.20.2050.249
Newsletter
Download PDF Download Full-Text XML Download Citation
0 0
Newsletter  

TOP