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Open Access Research Article

Carbon Taxation as An Instrument to Promote Wildfire Prevention and Avoid Biodiversity Loss in Portugal: An Order of Magnitude Analysis

Received: 09 September 2022;  Published: 15 December 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204051

Abstract

Climate change is one of the main challenges of the current century. Emissions taxes are one of the proposed ways to help in addressing this issue. In this sense, Portugal has introduced an Addition Tax on Carbon Emissions through Law N. 82-D/2014. One of the most notorious impacts of climate change in the country is the wildfires increasing in frequency and intensity. Forests provide various ecosystem services not valued by traditional markets, such as carbon sequestration. Recently, Portugal has created new envir [...]

1174 6774

Open Access Original Research

Assessment of Water Quality in Selangor, Malaysia during the Pandemic Movement Control Order

Received: 27 October 2022;  Published: 14 December 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204050

Abstract

The COVID-19 lockdown reduced the amount of human activity in Selangor, resulting in improved water quality, less water pollution, and a restored ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to investigate water quality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as changes in water pollution. After acquiring all of the data from third-party sources, this study analyzed the data using a methodical and statistical approach to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor. The purpose of the data anal [...]

1410 24687

Open Access Research Article

Estimation of the Return Periods in Hydrology

Received: 26 September 2022;  Published: 08 December 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204049

Abstract

A filtered Poisson process is proposed as a model for river flows. With the help of real-life data, the model parameters are estimated. Mathematical formulae are derived in order to estimate the various return periods of the river. An application to two rivers shows that the point estimates are very close to the corresponding values computed by hydrologists, based on historical data. Moreover, by modifying the values of the parameters in the model, we can see the potential effects of climate change on the return pe [...]

1636 8186

Open Access Original Research

Variations in the Maximum Electron Density of the F2 Layer (NmF2) over the Middle Latitude Station of Grahamstown, South Africa, during Solar Cycle 23

Received: 13 September 2022;  Published: 05 December 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204048

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray radiation are the primary causes of ionization that produce electron density in sufficient quantities to promote the propagation of satellite radio signals in the ionosphere. The electron densities suffer from spatio-temporal variations, and this poses different degrees of threats to satellite radio signals propagating through the ionosphere. We aimed to characterize the maximum electron density of the F2 layer (NmF2) in the middle-latitude ionosphere over Grahamstown, South Africa (Geogr [...]

1278 8296

Open Access Review

Carbon Footprint Study of Korean Green Tea Industry Using the Methods of the Life Cycle Assessment and Calculating Carbon Absorption in Agricultural Land

Received: 02 September 2022;  Published: 02 December 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204047

Abstract

Due to recent global warming and climate change events, about 127 countries have declared themselves carbon neutral since the Paris Agreement was signed. Furthermore, agriculture is directly or indirectly affected by climate change. In particular, the importance of carbon neutrality is very high due to the high carbon absorption potential of forestry biomass. In the global beverage market, green tea is the second most consumed beverage after water, and the potential of tea tree biomass to absorb carbon during culti [...]

1484 11195

Open Access Review

Human Interference with the Earth Has Abolished the Next Ice Age but Overdosing with Carbon Dioxide Emissions Could Have Catastrophic Consequences

Received: 29 November 2021;  Published: 28 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204046

Abstract

Around 1600 AD the carbon dioxide content of the earth’s atmosphere started to rise, even whilst according to the Milankovitch [1] astronomical theory of climate variation it was due to fall. On the natural earth the carbon dioxide count of the atmosphere is a delayed response and an enhancing feedback on the basic cause of the Milankovitch astronomical cycle, the intensity of the June sunshine. If the Milankovitch cycle had continued its natural course, the medevial cold period known as the little ice age. Human i [...]

1005 7097

Open Access Original Research

Vulnerability and Resilience: An Attempt to Theorize

Received: 15 June 2022;  Published: 16 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204045

Abstract

In the context of resource depletion and global warming, the energy transition has become a necessity. To provide a basis for analysis and to support countries in this transition, it is necessary to better understand this transition. The creation of a good measurement tool could help. This paper proposes a measure of national resilience through an analogy to kinetic energy. Preliminary results show that some countries have strong potential for resilience in the energy transition. Inequalities exist and still exist [...]

1100 6465

Open Access Original Research

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Pyrolysis of Waste Polystyrene over Natural Clay

Received: 22 July 2022;  Published: 01 November 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204044

Abstract

Due to the massive increase in polymer manufacture, there has been a remarkable increase in plastic waste. With fewer landfills being used to dump plastic waste each year, it is becoming increasingly important to use effective recycling methods for plastic waste decomposition. In the present work, waste polystyrene was degraded in the presence of natural clay (K0.02, Ca0.15 [Mg0.25, Al0.69, Fe0.06], [Si2.0, Al0.6] O6.8 (O10) nH2O). The waste polymer was pyrolyzed at different heating rates i.e., 5, 10, 15 and 20&#x [...]

1236 9833

Open Access Communication

Quantification of the Carbon Sequestration Potential of a 31-year-old Tree-based Intercropping System in Southern Ontario, Canada

Received: 08 September 2022;  Published: 25 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204043

Abstract

Carbon (C) storage potential was quantified for four tree species which are commonly incorporated into tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems and compared with conventional agricultural systems in southern Ontario, Canada. In the 31-year-old TBI system at the University of Guelph's Agroforestry Research Station, Norway spruce (Picea abies), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), black walnut (Juglans nigra) and red oak (Quercus rubra) were planted in tree rows, intercropped with soybean (Glycine max). In the conventiona [...]

1541 8277

Open Access Original Research

Some Aspects of Marine Meteorology and Air-Sea-Wetland-River Interactions During Hurricane Ida (2021)

Received: 28 August 2022;  Published: 21 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204042

Abstract

In August 2021 Hurricane Ida devastated southeast Louisiana. On the basis of numerous pertinent meteorological-oceanographic (met-ocean) information including datasets and graphics as supplied by various public agencies, several unique topics related to marine meteorology and air-sea-land interactions are investigated. It is found that a newly proposed revised relation between minimum sea-level pressure and maximum sustained wind speed is verified during Ida. Characteristics of the rapid intensification, defined as [...]

1165 7074

Open Access Original Research

Impact of COVID-19 on Chile's Energy Transition Policies and Goals

Received: 16 June 2022;  Published: 13 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204041

Abstract

Because of climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased, leading to the implementation of energy transition policies. Countries have adopted the Paris Agreement to curb the effects of climate change. The emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 led to the application of different measures to stop its transmission. This study evaluated the effects of COVID-19-related restrictions (such as quarantine and mobility restriction) in Chile during the first wave on compliance with the country's energy transition poli [...]

1073 6718

Open Access Research Article

Biogeochemical Engineering: Technologies for Managing Environmental Risks

Received: 05 September 2022;  Published: 13 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204040

Abstract

This research aims at one of the most important economic and environmental problems - the elimination of the consequences in case of emergency spills while cleaning petroleum products. The objectives of the study include the development and production of new biological products and biosorbents based on carbon-oxidizing microorganisms, testing the developed technologies for environmental risk management to eliminate the consequences of emergency petroleum product spills, creating an algorithm for conducting prelimin [...]

1159 6895

Open Access Opinion

The Role of Agriculture in the Australian Government’s Emission Reduction Fund

Received: 21 July 2022;  Published: 10 October 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2204039

Abstract

Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in 2020 were 67.8 million (M) tonnes (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e), amounting to 12.9% of total emissions. Erupted methane (CH4) from ruminant animals comprised 42% of agricultural emissions. By 2030, the Australian Government aims to reduce total emissions by 43% from the 2005 level. The primary policy instrument for achieving this reduction is the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) in which there are two main pathways for agriculture – emiss [...]

1403 8060

Open Access Original Research

Implementation of a Dynamic Thermal and Illuminance Control System in Responsive Façades: Shading Study

Received: 30 May 2022;  Published: 29 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203038

Abstract

This study evaluates three shading configurations designed and tested in a preliminary stage of responsive shading device development. The strategy is based on trigonometric relationships focused on solar angles at any given moment. The configurations are thus related to the ratio of the window area shaded by a responsive brise-soleil that provides 0%, 50%, or 100% shading of the indoor space, based on the daylight needs and the indoor thermal control realized. Shading simulations were performed for Pomona, Califor [...]

1382 8201

Open Access Original Research

The Technology of Upward Capillary Formation of Waste for Creating a Deposit before Land Reclamation

Received: 08 June 2022;  Published: 27 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203037

Abstract

Mineral resources in the subsoil are classified as exhaustible. One of the ways to potentially replenish the sources of mineral resources is presented in the materials of these studies. In this article, we studied the natural formation in the bowels of the array of zones of high concentrations of compounds of useful components. We aimed to develop the technological methods of mass transfer and directed deposition of useful components. The technological transition of mineral resource extraction from the “gathering” [...]

963 6248

Open Access Research Article

The Role of Tribal Leaders/Traditional Leaders in Regulating Land Use and Biodiversity Among the Gurune-Speaking People of the Upper East Region in Ghana

Received: 29 April 2022;  Published: 26 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203036

Abstract

Regulating land use and the biodiversity of a region requires lasting accords between those who make the decisions and those who are affected by the rules and regulations. In Africa, these accords depend on the effectiveness of the collective efforts of the representatives of the legal authorities and the civil society (the traditional leaders in the tribal system). In this study, we investigated the role of tribal leaders in conserving biodiversity (which is a base for obtaining accords with statutory regulations) [...]

1272 12700

Open Access Review

Outcomes of Ecuador’s Rights of Nature for Nature’s Sake

Received: 30 March 2022;  Published: 22 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203035

Abstract

The rights of nature have been widely discussed at a philosophical level for a long time, but examples of its practical application are quite rare. Ecuador is the first country to incorporate this concept into its constitutional foundation and put the theory into practice. However, implementing entirely justifiable rights of nature is hindered by factors, such as economic considerations, legal interpretations, cultural norms, political will, and disproportionate perspectives of “the greater good”. After getting opp [...]

1439 17422

Open Access Review

Bibliometrics of Scientific Articles on Solid Waste Management in Shopping Malls (1999–2020)

Received: 09 May 2022;  Published: 20 September 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203034

Abstract

The presence of shopping malls causes a social, economic, and environmental impact. The bibliometric analysis is a valuable method used to dentify published research papers, and understand historic information published in scientific journals. This method can be used to carry out qualitative and quantitative analyses of scientific production on a specific subject. This analytical method primarily focuses on analyzing the bibliometric study of the solid waste management method used in shopping malls. A small number [...]

1402 9609

Open Access Review

The Role of Land Use Planning in Urban Transport to Mitigate Climate Change: A Literature Review

Received: 13 May 2022;  Published: 26 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203033

Abstract

With the growing urbanisation phenomenon, ambitious policy interventions are needed to limit transport-related greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas. Cities are a predominant source of pollution, with urban transport contributing significantly to emissions. To address climate change, decision-makers must implement appropriate and effective mitigation instruments. This literature review focuses on the different approaches and supporting measures of urban transport land-use planning, such as mixed-used zoning plans [...]

1533 13777

Open Access Original Research

Health Risks from Supposedly Remediated US Hazardous-Waste Sites: An Early-Warning Signal

Received: 02 June 2022;  Published: 24 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203032

Abstract

Scientific data are almost nonexistent regarding the health-protectiveness of most hazardous-waste-site remediation. Given this data-gap, recently the World Health Organization (WHO) urged scientists to develop methods of "cost-efficient health surveillance" of toxics' cleanups, including any "illegal operations". Following WHO, this article's importance is to develop one such cost-efficient method. Given the assumption that remediators'-redevelopers' public misrepresentations of their cleanups' safety may warrant [...]

1510 9801

Open Access Original Research

Review of the Carbon Management Strategies of Retail Industry in Energy Consumption and the Whole Value-Chain of the Product - A Case Study of Auchan Holding

Received: 09 February 2022;  Published: 17 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203031

Abstract

Many multinational retail companies are exposed to financial risk related to climate change. Carbon management is important in keeping global temperature increases below 1.5°C to prevent the exacerbated impacts of climate change. Auchan Retail in Auchan Holding provides a good example of carbon management in the retail sector. Auchan Retail's major emissions are the indirect emissions throughout their value chain (scope 3 emissions). The total estimated emission of scopes 1, 2 and 3 are 37,822,573.9 t CO2e. [...]

1810 11920

Open Access Original Research

Modeling CO2 and N2 Permeation through Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing Oxygenated Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Polysulfone

Received: 09 May 2022;  Published: 16 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203030

Abstract

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) consist of a polymeric phase and a dispersed solid filler such as zeolites or carbon nanotubes. We prepared symmetric and asymmetric polysulfone-based MMMs containing functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-O) for CO2/N2 separation. Maxwell’s model was used to predict the permeabilities of MMMs. The permeability achieved using the model exhibited a good fit of the model in symmetric MMMs, especially for CO2. This can be potentially attributed to the high affinity of th [...]

1268 7516

Open Access Research Article

Assessment of Factors Affecting the Use of Drones in Map Production

Received: 23 May 2022;  Published: 11 August 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203029

Abstract

Multi-rotor and fixed-wing drones are extensively used to collect the data needed for producing large-scale topographic maps and plans. Several types of drone products are available, and the most important one for surveyors is an orthophoto. Flight planning, the quality of the control data, the assessment of drone products, and the image processing software need to be considered when using thes e drones. In this study, we explained these concepts and discussed their theoretical and practical importance in providing [...]

1249 11331

Open Access Short Communication

Visceral Leishmaniasis and Disposal of Solid Waste in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Received: 05 May 2022;  Published: 11 July 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2203028

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease that is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and transmitted to humans and other mammals through the bites of infected female sandflies. VL has been prevalent in Minas Gerais, Brazil, since the 1940s. As the vector completes its reproductive cycle in the soil with organic matter, the association between the occurrence of VL and unimproved solid waste disposal sites has been investigated. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the relationship of waste disposal [...]

1040 8082

Open Access Research Article

Investigation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Concrete in Sanitary Sewer Pipes and Manholes: Field Surveys and Laboratory Assessment

Received: 20 April 2022;  Published: 30 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202027

Abstract

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of concrete in sanitary sewer pipe and manholes is the result of dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dissolving the cement matrix. The acid is produced by a complex series of chemical and biochemical reactions. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the basic science of the MIC process starting with the various biological processes leading to the production of dilute sulfuric acid; (2) to discuss historical attempts to fortify concrete; (3) to present methods to reduce [...]

2210 15628

Open Access Original Research

Meeting the Net Zero Emissions Challenge – Alphabet’s Carbon Management Actions and Opportunities

Received: 10 January 2022;  Published: 16 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202026

Abstract

The first step in managing an entity's carbon emissions involves measurement as 'what gets measured gets managed' and measurement lies at the heart of carbon management. The study of carbon management is important to all stakeholders as it enables calculation of emissions that can help determine opportunities for emissions reductions to address climate change which can improve energy efficiency and brand reputation. Alphabet is an interesting company to study given its main commercial activities relate to the devel [...]

1288 11211

Open Access Original Research

Cellular Photosynthetic Pigment and Structural Change in Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue) after Exposure to Acute and Chronic Chromium and Copper Stress

Received: 11 April 2022;  Published: 14 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202025

Abstract

Expanded industrial globalization has resulted in the release of high concentrations of heavy metals into environmental water sources and soils. Phytoremediation may help to remove these heavy metals from contaminated soils. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) exhibits phytoremediation potential due to its endurance and high stress tolerances. Here, we report photochemical and structural responses in tall fescue to acute and chronic doses of heavy metals, copper (Cu) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Visual si [...]

1229 7785

Open Access Original Research

Soil Pollution Education: A Broad View of Knowledge on Soil Pollution and Educational Activities for Undergraduate Students

Received: 25 March 2022;  Published: 10 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202024

Abstract

Soil pollution is a major challenge for ensuring a healthy environment and for human health. One of the critical points in soil pollution policy is the education and public awareness of the problem caused by soil pollution. Education influences decision-making on soil and water care. It is crucial to spread knowledge to undergraduate and graduate students about the determinantal effects of soil pollution on ecosystems and humans, considering today’s students are tomorrow’s guardians of soil and human health. A cour [...]

1957 18239

Open Access Original Research

Application of Epistemic Uncertainty Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis in Green Construction Design

Received: 23 March 2022;  Published: 07 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202023

Abstract

Building performance is often expressed according to primary energy use; however studies should also include environmental load. To mitigate the effects of increased CO2 emissions, green building designs are now increasingly popular options for stakeholders. In contrast, impacts of green design parameters, building performance assessment, and design optimization objectives are not addressed sufficiently for American infrastructure. Designing low-energy architecture to minimize carbon emissions requires thoughtful a [...]

1226 9445

Open Access Original Research

How the Interaction of Heatwaves and Urban Heat Islands Amplify Urban Warming

Received: 29 March 2022;  Published: 06 June 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202022

Abstract

An increase in global temperature will likely result in more intense and frequent heatwaves that would last longer. Simultaneously, the growth of urban population requires more areas of land incorporated into urbanization, because most people are expected to live in cities, which will increase the intensity and duration of urban heat islands. However, the extent of the link between global warming induced heatwaves and urbanization caused heat islands is barely understood. Understanding the link would give a new inf [...]

1705 12645

Open Access Original Research

Non-Woven Tissues as Novel Cosmetic Carriers for a Green Beauty

Received: 16 March 2022;  Published: 23 May 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202021

Abstract

Approximately 75% of textile waste is generated annually worldwide, as there is a dearth of viable recycling strategies. It has been estimated that textile industries can be responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution. As a consequence, if not properly managed, the cost of waste management of textile waste will be trillions of dollars annually. Moreover, the generated wastes are detrimental to the environment and public health. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the majority of the waste [...]

1871 12581

Open Access Opinion

Experience with Active Learning: The Charleston, SC, USA Urban Heat Island Effect

Received: 11 February 2022;  Published: 07 May 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202020

Abstract

The urban heat island (UHI) effect is not well understood, especially within the cityscape. This editorial is from the perspective of an undergraduate student Cadet Emma Larsen, as she comes to understand the UHI through mentorship from professors Simon Ghanat and Scott Curtis, personal experiences as a cadet at a military academy in Charleston, SC, USA, and active learning through participation in a national heat observation campaign, the NOAA HeatWatch, and related independent research. HeatWatch seeks to underst [...]

1226 8622

Open Access Original Research

From Managing People to Managing Emissions: How Leading Human Resources Firms are Minimising Their Carbon Footprint

Received: 10 January 2022;  Published: 06 May 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202019

Abstract

One of the biggest challenges currently presented to organisations worldwide is their ability to identify and sustainably manage greenhouse gas emissions. ‘Carbon management’, as it is referred to, is the process of understanding how and where an organisation’s activities generate emissions, and extends beyond meeting regulation requirements to being strategically utilised within businesses for social licensing, financial planning and corporate decision-making. The aim of this research is to analy [...]

1675 12769

Open Access Original Research

Achieving Net Zero Through a Multi-Dimensional Approach to Carbon Management in Mining and Metals Processing–A Case Study of Rio Tinto

Received: 24 January 2022;  Published: 05 May 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202018

Abstract

The earth’s climate is warming, increasingly straining the Earth’s human and environmental systems. Organisations are increasingly committing to net zero emissions by mid-Century to set and communicate their ambition to limit global warming to the peak temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. However, for many companies, the pathway to delivering against this ambition remains unclear – and significant investment in technical, social and economic systems required before this target becomes a reality. This paper ana [...]

1842 19116

Open Access Research Article

Restoration of Reservoir Caprock: Long-Term Wellbore Sealing and Abandonment through Zeolite Enhanced Cement

Received: 21 March 2022;  Published: 29 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202017

Abstract

Oil and gas wellbores that are drilled into the earth’s crust need to be plugged and abandoned, to restore the geological seals once they are no longer producing. The main aim of Plugging and abandonment (P&A) is to ensure that there is no leakage of hydrocarbons into the environment. Since offshore P&A is challenging due to subsurface temperature and pressure conditions, testing zeolite as an additive for improvement of cement properties is an intriguing research topic. This initial research aims to [...]

1221 8668

Open Access Original Research

How is Environmental Sustainability a Key to Innovation?

Received: 09 February 2022;  Published: 27 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202016

Abstract

The private sector plays an important role in the global climate goals and the 1.5°C target set during the Paris Agreement. Through investment in green projects and technology and energy efficiency initiatives, their carbon management strategy is paramount to achieve sustainability and good business practices. It is crucial to understand the proposals that the industry has established to reduce its environmental impact by applying supply chain optimization and technological advances or by participating in th [...]

4250 377485

Open Access Original Research

How do World-renowned Coffee Companies Manage Carbon Emissions? A Case Study of Starbucks

Received: 10 January 2022;  Published: 26 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202015

Abstract

Carbon emissions are a major factor influencing climate change. Climate change also has ecological impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and loss of ecosystem functions and services. Starbucks is a large multinational company which aims to reduce their environmental impact. Starbucks’ carbon emissions in 2018 were 16,706 thousand metric tons, including 320 thousand metric tons of direct scope 1 emissions, 1,094 thousand metric tons of indirect scope 2 emissions and 14198 thousand metric tons of indirect scope 3 emi [...]

3950 51032

Open Access Original Research

Conservation Prioritization of Ecologically Susceptible Zones at Disaggregated Levels

Received: 29 December 2021;  Published: 22 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202014

Abstract

Ecologically susceptible zones (ESZs) are endowed with the distinct bio, geo, climatic, hydrological, and ecological integrity that sustain natural resources to support the livelihood of dependent populations. However, globalization and consequent anthropogenic activities have led to the erosion of the natural resource base and enhanced the levels of pollutants, triggering global environmental change, evident from changes in the climate. Alterations in the structure and the ecological integrity of ESZs may lead to [...]

1147 9703

Open Access Original Research

The Tension Between Growth and Innovation Led Greenhouse Gas Reductions in the Information and Communication Technology and Media and Entertainment Sector: A Case Study of AT&T Inc.

Received: 13 January 2022;  Published: 15 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202013

Abstract

With scientific consensus on climate change and growing public concern, firms are recognising the multiple risks associated with inaction on their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Entertainment & Media (E&M) sectors provide essential communications services, that are foundational for much of the modern world's social and economic systems. The ICT sector has already demonstrated success in innovations that enable emissions reductions. At the same tim [...]

1592 14593

Open Access Original Research

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Recycled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (rSBR) Composites

Received: 01 March 2022;  Published: 11 April 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2202012

Abstract

Recycled styrene butadiene rubber (rSBR) from waste car tires was used as a filler in poly(lactic) acid (PLA) to modify its properties. The compounds were prepared via twin-screw extrusion and molded by injection with different rSBR contents (0 to 25% wt.). Additionally, recycled rubber particle size was controlled between 125 and 1000 μm to determine the effect of this parameter. From the samples produced, a series of morphological, physical and mechanical characterizations were performed. As expected, rSBR additi [...]

1461 9960

Open Access Review

Cyanobacterial Blooms and Their Implications in the Changing Environment

Received: 03 January 2022;  Published: 16 March 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201011

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are the most ancient phytoplankton that first appeared at least 2.5 billion years ago and have a prolonged evolutionary history. They can form impenetrable and toxic blooms in aquatic ecosystems such as freshwater and marine environments. Cyanobacterial blooms produce cyanotoxins that endanger ecosystem functioning and deteriorate water quality used for recreation, drinking, and in fisheries, thus, adversely affecting human health and the economy. Some bloom-producing genera are Aphanizomenon, Plankto [...]

2142 16999

Open Access Original Research

A Case Study of How DHL Practices Carbon Management

Received: 10 January 2022;  Published: 10 March 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201010

Abstract

Awareness of the challenges of sustainable development, and in particular the risks of climate change, is leading to inevitable restrictions on Greenhouse gas emissions. True carbon risk management must be introduced into the strategy of companies that will increasingly operate in a global low-carbon economy. Indeed, companies are now called upon to be accountable and transparent about the environmental consequences of their business activities. Carbon risk is one of several new emerging risks for companies associa [...]

3468 53896

Open Access Research Article

Relationship between Thermal Variance and Hatchery Estimates of Fertility in a Multispecies Assemblage of Anadromous Salmonids in Response to Managed Flows

Received: 15 November 2021;  Published: 22 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201009

Abstract

Our study sought to identify a regional explanation for declining fertility in stocks of co-occurring salmonids in the upper Trinity River, northern California, USA. We focused on evaluating the relationship between thermal variance in river water and hatchery-measured estimates of female fertility as a function of highly managed annual flow regimes. We evaluated annual and seasonal variation in volume of flow and water temperature in response to managed flows associated with annual in-river restoration actions. We [...]

1235 8537

Open Access Research Article

NIR Spectroscopy and Aquaphotomics Approach to Identify Soil Characteristics as a Function of the Sampling Depth

Received: 24 December 2021;  Published: 15 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201008

Abstract

Soil is a very complex medium made of minerals, organic matter, microorganisms, air, and water. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques are exceptionally well-suited to be used with portable and hand-held devices. In this study, NIR spectroscopy was applied using portable instrumentation and the holistic Aquaphotomics approach to identify the differences in three Mediterranean soil profiles from Sardinia (Italy). The soil samples (95) collected from alluvial and loess-sampling sites in the three study areas of North Sa [...]

1401 11608

Open Access Original Research

How Might Changing Climate Limit Cyanobacteria Growth in Shallow Prairie Lakes? An Empirical Space-For-Time Evaluation of the Potential Role of Increasing Sulfate

Received: 20 November 2021;  Published: 15 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201007

Abstract

Cyanobacteria blooms alter aquatic ecosystems and occur frequently in shallow prairie lakes, which are predicted to increase in salinity as the regional climate becomes hotter and drier. However, flat landscapes that experience depression bottom salinity with high concentrations of sulfate in addition to sodium and chloride, may mitigate nutrient increases or even inhibit cyanobacteria growth. Cyanobacteria can dominate shallow lakes with low N:P ratios because many cyanobacteria species fix dissolved N2, whether d [...]

1285 9187

Open Access Original Research

Wind-Stress Variations from Deep to Shallow Water during Hurricanes for Air-Sea-Land Interaction Applications

Received: 27 December 2021;  Published: 14 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201006

Abstract

In September 2020 Hurricane Sally impacted two National Data Buoy Center (www.ndbc.noaa.gov) buoys near its track: 42040 in the deep water and 42012 in the shallow. Using pertinent air-sea interaction formulas from the literature, analyses of these buoy data indicate that, under fully rough airflow and wind sea conditions, U* = a Hs2 /Tp3 + b, here U* is the friction velocity, Hs is the significant wave height, and Tp is the peak wave period. It is found that a = 28 and b = 0.12 for the deep water environment, a = [...]

1261 11014

Open Access Original Research

Urban Air Pollution and Emergency Department Visits for Cardiac and Respiratory Diseases

Received: 18 September 2021;  Published: 11 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201005

Abstract

Air pollution affects various aspects of human health. Here, the associations between the number of emergency department visits for circulatory and respiratory problems and ambient air pollution in Toronto, Canada, in the period between April 2004 and December 2015 were studied. The health data were linked with urban air pollution data and weather factors. The conditional Poisson regression models were built for 18 strata (sex, age group, season), 8 exposure factors (air pollutants, indexes), and their 15 lags (0-1 [...]

1116 8538

Open Access Original Research

Effects of Inorganic and Organic Amendments on the Predicted Bioavailability of As, Cd, Pb and Zn in Kitchen Garden Soils

Received: 11 November 2021;  Published: 08 February 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201004

Abstract

Moderately contaminated garden soils can benefit from gentle remediation options such as soil amendments, which improve soil functions and agronomic potentialities while decreasing environmental and human risk. This study aimed to analyze the effects of doses of various common soil amendments generally applied by gardeners on the predicted bioavailability (i.e., extractability) of metal(loid)s (i.e., As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in contaminated kitchen garden soils. Fourteen different amendment mixes (i.e., a green waste co [...]

1486 12121

Open Access Original Research

Managing the Turf of An Urban Golf Course: Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission

Received: 21 October 2021;  Published: 24 January 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201003

Abstract

This study investigated energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission across various playing surfaces (e.g., greens, tees, fairways, and roughs) in an urban parkland golf course. The turfs of golf courses require frequent maintenance to ensure high aesthetic and play quality. Maintenance includes aeration, mowing, irrigation, and fertilization. The annual energy-based carbon footprint was found to be the highest for fairways, followed by greens, tees, and roughs. However, CO2 exchange in the grass was found [...]

1457 12036

Open Access Research Article

Standardized Precipitation Index Comparison along the Limbe-Bamenda Axis of the Cameroon Gulf of Guinea

Received: 19 October 2021;  Published: 12 January 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201002

Abstract

Mean monthly rainfall decline with continentality is a commonplace phenomenon that has been used in this study to compare its trend in Bamenda in the Western Highlands and Limbe on the Atlantic lowland coast. This study attempts to bridge some of the methodological gaps in the previous studies on rainfall variability in Cameroon that had emphasized only the inter-annual variability and coefficient of variation without focusing on the specific indices and contrasts between different ecological zones. In this study, [...]

1302 9555

Open Access Editorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research in 2021

Received: 06 January 2022;  Published: 06 January 2022;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2201001

Abstract

The editors of Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2021. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can do [...]

708 5964

Open Access Original Research

Effects of Land Cover/Use Change and Altitude on Soil NPK Nutrients in Selected areas in the North West Region of Cameroon

Received: 29 September 2021;  Published: 30 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104038

Abstract

Land-use change is one of the main indicators of soil quality. Soil physical and chemical properties vary with land use change and altitude as inferred from transect surveys and toposequences. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) are essential macronutrients for plant growth and soil nutrient balance. Their presence in the soil in appropriate quantities is important for maintaining crop yields and farmers income, particularly in developing countries where resources of soil chemical additives may be limite [...]

1818 12443

Open Access Research Article

A System Dynamics Modelling Approach for Electronic Waste Recycling after Floods in Jakarta and New Orleans

Received: 15 October 2021;  Published: 23 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104037

Abstract

Due to climate change, flood-related disasters are expected to increase. Floods generate enormous amounts of waste, including electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste should be recovered not only because it can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment but also because of the valuable metals contained in it. In this study, a system dynamics model based on current practices and waste management was established using Vensim to determine the revenue that can be generated by e-waste recycling after floods [...]

1915 13026

Open Access Research Article

Mediterranean Cropping Systems: The Importance of Their Economic and Environmental Sustainability

Received: 08 July 2021;  Published: 21 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104036

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the lives of people, as well as the production and economic systems throughout the world. The flow of raw materials and products, the supply of labor and manpower, and the purchasing power have all been changed to the detriment of individual health and well-being. Such a situation requires placing even more emphasis on the search for virtuous agricultural systems compatible with the goals of economic and environmental development so clearly defined at the world level in [...]

1478 11024

Open Access Original Research

Planning for Simultaneous Regional/Urban and Tourism Development with Case Studies

Received: 18 September 2021;  Published: 17 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104035

Abstract

This research suggests optimal planning and designing techniques for tourism complexes in urban master planning. Firstly, it explains the importance of the tourism industry through the theories of scholars and experts. It also emphasizes the connection between the development of urban economies and the tourism industry. This helps integrate the tourism industry and comprehensive regional/urban planning. It starts with planning and designing the tourism complexes in the early stages of the municipality’s master plan [...]

2096 13455

Open Access Case Report

Examination of Sustainable Water Management at Norway’s Major Hub Airport: The Case of Oslo Airport Gardermoen

Received: 22 October 2021;  Published: 15 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104034

Abstract

The present study used a detailed qualitative longitudinal research approach to examine the trends of water consumption, wastewater volumes, and drainage water volumes in Oslo Airport Gardermoen, which is Norway’s major hub airport, between the years 2005 and 2020. An overall upward trend was observed in the water consumption at Oslo Airport Gardermoen, which was consistent with the growth in air traffic and aircraft movements during the study period. The annual water consumption per enplaned passenger was observed [...]

1402 12959

Open Access Review

Sources, Mobility, Reactivity, and Remediation of Heavy Metal(loid) Pollution: A Review

Received: 08 October 2021;  Published: 15 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104033

Abstract

Heavy metal(loid)s are a group of elements present commonly in the environment, including Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As elements, among others. While these elements could have their origins in natural sources, anthropogenic activities, such as mining, agriculture, industry, etc., are also responsible for enhancing the concentration of these elements in the ecosystems up to undesirable levels. A few of these metal(loid)s serve as necessary micronutrients for life, while the others are extremely harmful and migh [...]

2778 30028

Open Access Original Research

Degree-hours and Degree-days in Coastal Mediterranean Cities, Patras and Kalamata, Greece

Received: 04 September 2021;  Published: 06 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104032

Abstract

The hourly ambient air temperature information was analyzed for two Greek coastal Mediterranean cities: Patras (for the entire 2018 year) with ten urban and one rural stations, and Kalamata (for the entire 2019 and 2020 years) with eight urban and two rural stations. The heating and cooling Degree Hours (DH) and Degree Days (DD) were calculated, for base temperatures of 18 °C and 26 °C, respectively. The urban heating degree hours for the cities of Patras and Kalamata were observed to be 19.2% and 24%, respectively [...]

6998 33835

Open Access Original Research

Carbon–CO2 Gasification to CO by Microwave Heating

Received: 30 October 2021;  Published: 01 December 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104031

Abstract

Renewable energies such as solar or wind energy are highly unreliable, owing to uncertain energy intensity and discontinuity. This shortcoming could be overcome by converting renewable energies to a form such as chemical fuel storage. In the present study, we created an energy conversion system that uses microwave heating and a carbon receptor to transform CO2, a greenhouse gas, into CO chemical fuel. The parametric investigation found that increasing the gasification temperature and feed gas temperature decreased [...]

1626 11832

Open Access Research Article

Climate Change, CO2-Concentration, and the Impact on Long-Term Pollen Observation with Implications for Human Health

Received: 12 October 2021;  Published: 24 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104030

Abstract

Climate change has a major impact on nature and influences ecological systems. The increase in the CO2-concentration in the atmosphere is a major driver of global warming. This study showed that global warming has a major impact on the release of pollen, and hence, on the people suffering from allergies in Switzerland. Basel is a station where long-term pollen observation is conducted, and the data was used to investigate the change during the last 52 years. There are stations throughout the world to measure the at [...]

1033 8265

Open Access Research Article

Architecture as Habitat: Enhancing Urban Ecosystem Services Using Building Envelopes

Received: 13 August 2021;  Published: 09 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104029

Abstract

The practice of reconciliation ecology in urban environments relies heavily on urban green space as the primary source of vegetated habitat in cities. However, most cities lack the quantity, connectivity, and accessibility of green space needed to provide essential ecosystem services for the health, well-being, and resilience of human and non-human species. In reaction to urban densification and the increasing frequency and severity of climate change impacts, this study argues that architecture could strategically [...]

1308 15049

Open Access Original Research

Coral Reef Mapping Using Remote Sensing Techniques and a Supervised Classification Algorithm

Received: 28 August 2021;  Published: 04 November 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104028

Abstract

The vitality of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is threatened by many human-made impacts. Monitoring this ecosystem makes it possible to study the general condition and the health of the GBR. However, due to the large extent of the GBR and limited accessibility in the ocean environment, mapping and monitoring this ecosystem has been always challenging task and connived. In this regard, Remote Sensing (RS) is an effective technique that provides valuable information for mapping and monitoring this ecosystem. In an atte [...]

2102 18836

Open Access Original Research

Assessment of Trametes versicolor, Isochrysis galbana, and Purple Phototrophic Bacteria for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Hospital Wastewater

Received: 31 July 2021;  Published: 28 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104027

Abstract

Hospitals are one of the key contributors of pharmaceutical contaminants of emerging concern to the sewer systems. Hospitals wastewaters contain concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds between 3 and 150, which are higher than urban wastewater streams. However, dedicated treatments of the hospital effluents before discharge to the sewer system are not compulsory. Besides, conventional wastewater treatment plants have not been designed to remove pharmaceutical compounds effectively, and consequently, these micropo [...]

1509 12252

Open Access Research Article

Contributing Factors to Forest Loss in Conterminous U.S. for the 1990s and 2000s

Received: 24 March 2021;  Published: 26 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104026

Abstract

While numerous studies have considered forest loss factors at local scales, there is a gap of comparative quantitative regional modeling at the U.S. national level. Here, we investigated statistical relationships between gross forest cover loss (GFCL) and numerous socioeconomic, biophysical and ownership variables between two decades, the 1990s and the 2000s. A spatial error model was employed to compensate for spatial autocorrelation effects. Models from the 2000s had stronger explanatory power than the 1990s mode [...]

1280 8545

Open Access Original Research

The Art of (Up)Recycling: How Plastic Debris Has Become a Matter of Art?

Received: 11 June 2021;  Published: 18 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104025

Abstract

Since 1907, when Bakelite was invented, there has been a dramatic rise in the daily usage of plastic-like materials. Today, its negative impacts are a part of scientific studies and public debates. Art and artists play a significant role in these discussions. They mediate between the specialist content and public awareness. This study is dedicated to the artworks of artists using plastic waste collected from the seashore. I organized their works into three lines, within which artists have different threads of plast [...]

1441 15326

Open Access Original Research

Oil Spill Detection Using Satellite Imagery

Received: 13 August 2021;  Published: 14 October 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2104024

Abstract

Since oil exploration began, oil spills have become a serious problem. When drilling for oil, there is always a risk of an oil spill. With the new development of technology over the years, oil spill detection has become much easier making the clean-up of a spill to happen much faster reducing the risk of a large spread. In this study, remote sensing techniques were used to detect the Deep-water Horizon oil spill through a change detection method. The change detection method allows the viewer to determine the differ [...]

1879 18110

Open Access Review

Demographic Differences in the Quantity, Mass, and Anatomical Location of Ingested Plastic in Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis): A Review and Reconsideration of NE Pacific Ocean Samples

Received: 09 July 2021;  Published: 29 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103023

Abstract

On the Washington and Oregon coast of the NE Pacific Ocean from 2008-2015, we found that juveniles represented 83% of Northern Fulmars that were beached. In comparison to older birds, juveniles averaged more mass and pieces of plastic in stomachs. This reflected relatively larger plastic loads in the cranial stomach section, the proventriculus, which we found was associated with relatively large accumulations in the caudal stomach section, the ventriculus. We estimate that the proventriculus could retain almost 10 [...]

1104 25427

Open Access Concept Paper

Spatial Relation between Wind Stress and Storm Surge during Hurricanes Laura and Delta in 2020

Received: 25 July 2021;  Published: 02 September 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103022

Abstract

Spatial relation between wind stress and storm surge during two hurricanes in 2020 is investigated. It is found that, during Laura’s landfall, the area inside of 65 knots (34 m s -1) isotach or line of equal wind speed can produce up to 18 ft (5.5 m) inundation and during Delta, the area inside of 50 knots (26 m s -1) up to 11 ft (3.3 m) high water level above the ground. The tropical cyclone (TC) surface analysis near landfall by the Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology Branch (RAMMB) is recommended as a first [...]

1765 9398

Open Access Review

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Urban Water Cycle

Received: 27 May 2021;  Published: 30 August 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103021

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global crisis spreading to all countries. This study explains and documents the first-order effects of the new coronavirus on the urban water cycle. Urban water systems play an important role in public health because people rely so heavily on water services. Findings address short- and long-term changes in climate variables; availability and accessibility of clean water to prevent and control the spread of coronavirus in water-scarce cities; shifts in habits, behavior, a [...]

1761 19348

Open Access Original Research

Reconstruction of Anthropogenic Land-Cover Change for Middle America, 1500 CE

Received: 07 March 2021;  Published: 24 August 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103020

Abstract

This project demonstrates how to use existing syntheses of many decades of historical social science research to produce empirically derived land-use maps in a GIS for large regions for a specific target year at a resolution appropriate to the calibration of existing anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) models. Disagreement among the outputs of various ALCC models results from differing estimates of population and assumptions about how much food a given population requires and the productivity per unit area of va [...]

1374 10963

Open Access Original Research

Analysis of Surface Water Areal changes using Remote Sensing Data

Received: 23 October 2020;  Published: 29 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103019

Abstract

Inland water bodies are crucial for supporting human life in various parts of the world. Therefore, it is essential to accurately monitor its spatiotemporal variations for better water management. The main objective of this study is to investigate the application of remote sensing data for quantifying the surface area changes and the impact of climatological variabilities over Lakes Mead and Chapala. Historical time series of monthly surface area dynamics were developed using Landsat 1-8 scenes and the climate vari [...]

1580 11650

Open Access Original Research

Normalized Difference Vegetative Index-related Assessment for Climate Change Impact on Indigenous Communities from High Resolution IKONOS Satellite Imagery in West Papua

Received: 29 October 2020;  Published: 09 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103018

Abstract

High-resolution satellite imagery permits acquisition of critical data to observe climate-change and environmental impact on conflict-impacted indigenous communities with co-existing socio-economic factors, often within unstable regimes. Conflict may prevent direct access in remote regions to validate civilian conflict actor evidence. In such cases use of remote sensing tools, techniques, and data are extremely important. Software-based imagery assessment can quantify radiometrically calibrated or Normalized Differ [...]

1687 11986

Open Access Concept Paper

Correction of Sunglint Effects in High Spatial Resolution Hyperspectral Imagery Using SWIR or NIR Bands and Taking Account of Spectral Variation of Refractive Index of Water

Received: 26 April 2021;  Published: 05 July 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2103017

Abstract

Passive high spatial resolution hyperspectral and multispectral imaging systems in the solar spectral region from aircraft and satellite platforms are being increasingly used for remote sensing of coastal waters and inland lakes. However, the remotely sensed data are often contaminated by the specular reflection of solar radiation at the air/water interface. Thus, the effects of sunglint need to be corrected. The purpose of sunglint correction is to remove the undesired specular reflected portion of radiance that d [...]

2332 15120

Open Access Research Article

Modeling Tile Drainage Outflow in Thin Agricultural Soils with Impermeable under Layer in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Received: 30 December 2020;  Published: 28 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102016

Abstract

Subsurface tile drainage installation helps to maintain water table levels and to meet adequate crop moisture requirements. Artificial subsurface drainage continues to be a common practice in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) and elsewhere around the world. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of DRAINMOD in simulating water table depth (WTD) and water outflow from tile drained agricultural fields. This site on the Avalon Peninsula of Eastern Newfoundland has a rolling landscape with predom [...]

1959 11513

Open Access Original Research

Potential Impact of UWWT Effluent Discharges on Ruditapes decussatus: An Approach Using Biomarkers

Received: 09 April 2021;  Published: 19 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102015

Abstract

The use of biomarkers in bivalves has gained significance as a reliable method for the assessment of the presence and effect of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. However, it is important to note that the biomarkers respond not only to contaminant loadings and bioavailability but also to environmental stress. Therefore, the association between biomarkers and contamination/pollution should be conducted cautiously as the environmental factors also affect their response. These factors should be integrated into the as [...]

1338 9803

Open Access Research Article

Modelling the Cumulative Number of COVID-19 Cases

Received: 14 April 2021;  Published: 10 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102014

Abstract

Each country has its own characteristics of COVID-19 infection trajectory and epidemic waves. Differences in government-implemented restrictions and social regulations result in variability of the virus transmissions and spread dynamics. This in turn results in various shapes of the growth function used to represent and describe the propagation of infection. Statistical methods are applied to fit non-linear functions to represent daily time-series data of the cumulative numbers of COVID-19 cases. The aim of this wo [...]

2001 12016

Open Access Research Article

Examination of PCDD/F Formation in Thermal Systems Using Simple Mathematical Models

Received: 01 March 2021;  Published: 07 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102013

Abstract

A set of empirical models which accounts for the formation of gas phase polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD and PCDF), and solid phase PCDD/F by the de novo mechanism is described.In each case, competing formation and destruction reactions are considered to operate.The effect of the time-temperature history on their formation is then examined.At high temperatures, steady-state is reached in fractions of a second, resulting in the observed low product concentrations.Rapid cooling as found in furnaces [...]

1425 12128

Open Access Research Article

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Urban Soils of Central London, England, UK: Measurement and Spatial Modelling of Black Carbon (BC), Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

Received: 05 March 2021;  Published: 28 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102012

Abstract

Total organic carbon (TOC), black carbon (BC), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined in 73 surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (5-20 cm) soil samples taken from a 142 km2 area in Central London, UK. Soils were assessed to provide a baseline chemistry for site owners, developers, occupiers and regulators involved in understanding the potential risk to human health and the environment. TOC range was 1.75-11.85 % (mean 5.82 %), BC 3.7 [...]

2056 14607

Open Access Research Article

Gender-Dependent Effects of Thimerosal on Human Progenitor Neurons: A Potential Link to Regressive Autism

Received: 26 September 2020;  Published: 07 June 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102011

Abstract

Regressive Autism [RA] is a subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that manifests as the loss of previously acquired developmental milestones and skills. Early life dysregulation of neurodevelopment due to exposure to toxic metals has been associated with ASD, but the underlying biological mechanisms by which metals influence neurodevelopment remain unclear. We explored the potential role of thimerosal or ethylmercury on neurite formation and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) modulation in four human-developing neuronal [...]

1360 9686

Open Access Perspective

Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals as Sources of POPs

Received: 17 January 2021;  Published: 13 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102010

Abstract

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class organic pollutant sharing some of the attributes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This opinion/short review aims to describe the properties of EPFRs that merit their recognition as an additional and potentially significant source of POPs. EPFRs are ubiquitous in diverse environments because of multiple factors: (1) organic precursors from anthropogenic, biogenic, and other natural emission sources are abundant; multiple mechanisms in PM and so [...]

1697 12161

Open Access Research Article

Gender-Dependent Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor Alpha [RORA] and Aromatase Genes on Human Progenitor Neurons

Received: 28 August 2020;  Published: 07 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102009

Abstract

Normally we encounter a myriad of chemicals in our daily lives. Endocrine disrupting chemicals [EDCs] are ubiquitous in our environment and upon bodily entry many be stored in adipose tissue and, in pregnant woman, can reach the developing fetal brain, disrupting normal fetal brain development. EDC-induced aberrant levels of sex hormones can alter sexual dimorphism [i.e. degree of feminization or masculinization; sex differences in brain and behavior] and may contribute to the differential susceptibility of males a [...]

1221 9625

Open Access Original Research

A Neural Network Evidence of the Nexus Among Air Pollution, Economic Growth, and COVID-19 Deaths in the Hubei Area

Received: 19 February 2021;  Published: 06 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102008

Abstract

In this study, we used an image neural network model to assess the relationship between economic growth, pollution (PM2.5, PM10, and CO2), and deaths from COVID-19 in the Hubei area (China). Data analysis, neural network analysis, and deep learning experiments were carried out to assess the relationship among COVID-19 deaths, air pollution, and economic growth in China (Hubei province, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic). We collected daily data at a city level from January 20 to July 31, 2020. We used main cit [...]

1418 10373

Open Access Research Article

Concentrations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in the Atmosphere of a Mediterranean Coastal Site in Greece

Received: 25 January 2021;  Published: 04 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102007

Abstract

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was monitored in the atmosphere of a coastal site situated in the Northern Aegean Sea of Greece from August 2014 to January 2015. The selected sampling site is seldom impacted by human activities. Thus, it was possible to study the processes involved in natural terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric environments. The diurnal and monthly variations in the concentration of GEM as well as the factors influencing these variations were determined. The GEM concentrations were found to be in [...]

1327 10043

Open Access Review

Challenges in the PFAS Remediation of Soil and Landfill Leachate: A Review

Received: 15 December 2020;  Published: 19 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102006

Abstract

The use of per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has resulted in the contamination of different environmental matrices. In EU countries, the sites contaminated with PFAS are usually remediated by excavating the soil and disposing of it in a landfill, as no in-situ or on-site techniques capable of treating large quantities of soil cost-effectively have been developed. Landfilling of PFAS-contaminated soil is one of the sources of PFAS in landfill leachate. In this paper, the physical and chemical treatment meth [...]

3984 34775

Open Access Research Article

Initial Validation of a Replicated Field-scale Denitrifying Bioreactor Facility in a Boreal Environment

Received: 29 December 2020;  Published: 15 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102005

Abstract

Denitrifying bioreactor technology, where a solid carbon source (woodchips) acts as a reactive medium to intercept agricultural tile drainage water, has been successfully used to convert N (NO3-) to di-nitrogen (N2) gas. Four replicated field-scale (24 m long × 3 m wide × 1 m deep), bioreactors were built and operated at the St. John's Research and Development Centre and were successful at removing a notable amount of nitrate (N) from agricultural subsurface drainage water. The objective of this study [...]

1297 9376

Open Access Original Research

Evolution of Radar and Lightning Variables in Convective Events in Barcelona and Surroundings for the Period 2006–2020

Received: 28 October 2020;  Published: 14 April 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2102004

Abstract

The Metropolitan Area of Barcelona is a densely populated region in the North-East of the Iberian Peninsula. Infrastructures in this area play a significant role in the economy of this part of Europe. The combination of the Mediterranean Sea and the complex topography is responsible for the occurrence of severe weather events in this location and the surrounding areas. The use of remote sensing data in an hourly resolution allows the identification and characterization of those severe episodes, helping in determini [...]

1479 10008

Open Access Communication

Linking Population and Forest Dynamics over the Conterminous US for the 1990s and 2000s

Received: 24 September 2020;  Published: 09 March 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2101003

Abstract

Few studies have investigated deforestation and population connections in the U.S. at large spatial extents or small scales. We examined forest cover changes over two decades, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010, in the continental U.S. at the county scale. Forest dynamics were estimated using the National Land Cover Database, a satellite-derived classification product and then linked to population data from the US. Census. At the aggregate level, high population growth seems to increase net forest loss in a non-linear manner, [...]

1145 8307

Open Access Short Communication

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Air Transport: Overview and Implications

Received: 16 December 2020;  Published: 22 February 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2101002

Abstract

The current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to multiple changes in the international market as well as in the lifestyle of people worldwide. The transport sector has undoubtedly been one of the most affected sectors due to restrictions imposed by the governments across the world to protect the health of their citizens, particularly the restrictions imposed on the operation of airlines. On the other hand, the reduction in travel by means of transport has contributed in part to the improvement in the envir [...]

4738 30001

Open Access Editorial

Acknowlegement to Reviewers of Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research in 2020

Received: 04 January 2021;  Published: 06 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2101001

Abstract

The editors of Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2020. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can do [...]

1003 6174

Open Access Review

Interactions of Per- and Polyfluoralkyl Substances (PFAS) with Landfill Liners

Received: 16 September 2020;  Published: 31 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2004007

Abstract

This review synthesises the available published research on interactions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with landfill liners, with the view to inform on the expected behaviour of these persistent environmental pollutants in landfills. The review addresses the nature and significant types of PFAS compounds that are destined for landfills, as well as their by-product. It discusses the known and anticipated interactions with separate landfill liner components, namely geomembranes, geosynthetic clay line [...]

3591 20255

Open Access Original Research

Electrochemical Oxidation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate by Magnéli Phase Ti4O7 Electrode in the Presence of Trichloroethylene

Received: 02 November 2020;  Published: 29 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2004006

Abstract

This study examined the degradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in electrochemical oxidation (EO) processes in the presence of trichloroethylene (TCE). The EO experiment was performed in a gas-tight reactor using Magnéli phase titanium suboxide (Ti4O7) as the anode. The experimental data demonstrated that 75% of PFOS (2 μM) was degraded at 10 mA/cm2 current density in 30 min without TCE present in the solution, while the presence of 76 μM TCE apparently inhibited the degradation of PFOS, reducing its r [...]

2526 16277

Open Access Original Research

How to Prioritize Voluntary Dietary Modification

Received: 03 August 2020;  Published: 25 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2004005

Abstract

Environmentally motivated voluntary diet modifications are the focus of much research and public discourse. Yet the nuanced multi-faceted, multi-dimensional nature of agriculture-earth interactions, and limited public environmental knowledge likely combine to undermine the efficacy of environmentally motivated dietary shifts, squandering limited good will. To counter this, here I devise two related indices for crudely estimating importance of various environmental impacts of alternative dietary choices. Based on th [...]

1448 9720

Open Access Research Article

Climate Cloud Model Forecast Verification-an Engineering Perspective

Received: 13 September 2020;  Published: 24 November 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2004004

Abstract

The processes relevant to the verification of cloud forecasts generated by climate models are discussed from an engineering perspective. These processes include an assessment of cloud product requirements to be evaluated, the creation of a verification test plan including procedures and data to be analyzed, the development of independent sources of validation or truth datasets, and the quantitative comparisons between the cloud forecast products and the truth data needed to establish model performance. The engineer [...]

1612 9984

Open Access Research Article

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns and Australian Bushfires on Aerosol Loading over the Downwind Oceanic Regions

Received: 21 August 2020;  Published: 23 November 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2004003

Abstract

Nearly 40 years of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) climate data record (CDR) from AVHRR satellite observations over the global ocean is used to study the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns and Australian bushfires on aerosol loading over downwind oceanic regions. Recent similar impact studies, by contrast, were mainly focused on the urban and suburban areas near the emission sources. AOT is used as a proxy for aerosol loading in our study. We found that AOT variations due to anthropogenic emission reduction during the lo [...]

1577 10000

Open Access Research Article

Estimating the Intensity of Hurricanes from Historical Radar Data Using the Hyperbolic-logarithmic Approximation of Spiral Rainbands

Received: 28 July 2020;  Published: 10 November 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2004002

Abstract

To increase the amount of information on the intensities of tropical cyclones (TC) used in climate research, the possibility of additional estimates of the intensity of a TC by exploring historical data of conventional (non-Doppler) airborne and coastal radars is considered. Based on the hyperbolic-logarithmic spiral (HLS) model of the streamline in the TC, an assessment of the maximum wind speed in hurricanes Cleo (1958), Carolina (1975) and Alicia (1983) was made. Literature sources containing radar signatures of [...]

1772 11275

Open Access Editorial

Climate Change and Land – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges

Received: 11 August 2020;  Published: 17 August 2020;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2003001

1290 7510

Open Access Original Research

Heavy Metal Concentration and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Fruits Sold in Jos Metropolis

Received: 27 February 2021;  Published: 12 May 2021;  doi: 10.21926/acr.2102013

Abstract

The present study investigated the level of heavy metals in selected fruits sold commonly in Jos, Nigeria. The fresh fruits (Avocado pear, Black currant, Egg Plant, Golden melon, and Soursop) were purchased from five major markets (Terminus, Farin Gada, Building materials, Bukuru, and Fobur) in Jos. Each fruit sample was collected in triplicate and analyzed using standard procedures. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, As, Cd, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cr) was determined using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectr [...]

1405 8271

Open Access Original Research

Effect of Convective Mixing Process on Storage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers with Layered Permeability

Received: 19 October 2020;  Published: 25 February 2021;  doi: 10.21926/acr.2101012

Abstract

Convective mixing of free-phase CO2 and brine in saline aquifers is an established technique to accelerate the CO2 dissolution process. Correct estimation of the convection onset time and rate of CO2 dissolution into brine are two crucial parameters regarding safety issues, as the timescale for dissolution corresponds to the same time over which the free-phase CO2 has a chance to leak out from the storage site. In real practice, underground formations are heterogeneous with a layered structure, but the convective m [...]

962 7039

Open Access Editorial

Acknowlegement to Reviewers of Advances in Chemical Research in 2020

Received: 04 January 2021;  Published: 05 January 2021;  doi: 10.21926/acr.2101011

Abstract

The editors of Advances in Chemical Research would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2020. We greatly appreciate the contribution of expert reviewers, which is crucial to the journal's editorial process. We aim to recognize reviewer contributions through several mechanisms, of which the annual publication of reviewer names is one. Reviewers receive a voucher entitling them to a discount on their next LIDSEN publication and can download a certificate of r [...]

642 5059

Open Access Original Research

Theoretical investigation of the single and double ionization spectra of M(CO)6, M = W and Cr

Received: 26 April 2020;  Published: 14 December 2020;  doi: 10.21926/acr.2004010

Abstract

In this work, we study the single and double ionization spectra of the , with complexes by applying the four-component algebraic diagrammatic construction and Fock-space coupled cluster methods to extend earlier studies based on less demanding approaches. The computed single and double ionization potentials are in good agreement comparing with the available experimental results. The electronic structures of the cationic molecular systems are carefully investigated by computing accurately single and double ionizatio [...]

1422 7084

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