by Arnold De Loof  and Liliane Schoofs

Received: 03 October 2019;  Published: 29 November 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904046

There is a growing awareness that the proteins—amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau—do not cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but are produced as a result of it. Similarly, doubt reigns over the degree of causality of high plasma cholesterol and prenylation in AD. This review proposes a fresh and important perspective, in addition to the current line of thinking. It emerges from comparative analysis, in evolutionary retrospect, of the characteristics of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathways in insects versus [...]

by Francisco J Alvarez  , Antonia A. Alvarez  , Hector Lafuente  , Daniel Alonso-Alconada  , Jose L. Blanco-Bruned  , Francisco Santaolalla  and Enrique Hilario

Received: 24 June 2019;  Published: 15 November 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904045

Background: The newborn affected by severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injury usually end up dying, and those who survive suffer neurodevelopmental handicaps. Biomarkers are required to identify the hypoxic-ischemic insult in order to determine the early rescue treatment method to be followed. The aim of the present study was to correlate relevant biomarkers to the pathophysiological process of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury at 6 h and 72 h in newborn piglets. Methods:Hypoxia-ischemia was induced in the piglets by clampi [...]

by E. Papaconstantinou  , V. Quick  , E. Vogel  and S. Coffey

Received: 09 August 2019;  Published: 31 October 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904044

Background: Post-secondary students are at increased risk for sleep problems and poor eating behaviours that overtime may lead to negative health outcomes later in life. However, limited research has examined associations of sleep quality with eating behaviours and eating competence (e.g., being positive, flexible, and comfortable with eating and getting enough enjoyable and nutritious foods) among Canadian post-secondary students. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, participants completed an online surv [...]

by Claire Sanderson  and Paul D. Loprinzi

Received: 15 July 2019;  Published: 09 October 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1904043

Objective: Reversal learning requires an individual to alter their behavior when previously learned reward-based contingencies are reversed. Reversal learning is heavily influenced by cognitive flexibility, which has been shown to be enhanced with acute exercise. However, minimal work has directly evaluated the effects of acute exercise on reversal learning, which was the purpose of this experiment. Methods: A between-subject randomized controlled intervention was employed. Participants (N=60) were randomized into [...]

by Alan J Pearce

Received: 05 July 2019;  Published: 27 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903042

Background: Sport-related concussion is a growing public health concern. Defined as a injury that disturbs neurological functions, concussion is characterised by a constellation of signs and symptoms. However, clinical imaging methods do not reveal any structural damage. Recently, neurophysiological techniques such as single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are being applied to quantify neurophysiological changes (specifically corticospinal and intracortical excitation and intracortical inhi [...]

by Rastislav Burda  , Viera Danielisová  and Jozef Burda

Received: 03 June 2019;  Published: 20 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903041

Background: Many experiments have been done to demonstrate robust ischemic tolerance efficiency using mostly young and healthy animals. However, the translation of these results to usually elderly and sick patients moreover taking many various medicines has to date been disappointing. 3-Methyltin (TMT) poisoning and short-term transient cerebral ischemia cause similar damage, especially, to selectively vulnerable brain regions such as hippocampal CA1 and CA3. Methods: Using dual conditioning, we activated the full [...]

by Joseph S. D'Arrigo

Received: 22 August 2019;  Published: 16 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903040

Microvascular endothelial dysfunction precedes, often by decades, the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Hence, preservation of a healthy cerebrovascular endothelium can be an important therapeutic target. By incorporating appropriate drug(s) into biomimetic (lipid cubic phase) nanocarriers, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic which targets certain cell-surface scavenger receptors, mainly class B type I (i.e., SR-BI), and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Documented similarities in [...]

by Siavash Jafari  , Mariko Vaughan  , Souzan Baharlou  , Pooria Ghadiri  , Nazila Hassanabadi  and Ashkan Nasr

Received: 11 August 2019;  Published: 09 September 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903039

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic literature review is to investigate the impact of case management on the link between HIV/AIDS patients (HIV-infected persons) and HIV treatment, and to investigate the impact of case management on their morbidity and mortality. Methods: We searched PubMed, Current Contents, Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Effect Review Summary Database and the ACP Journal Club until May 2018. A randomized clinical trial examined the impact of case management on the association of PLHA with c [...]

by Katherine Satrom  , Tate Gisslen  and Raghavendra Rao

Received: 29 May 2019;  Published: 29 August 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903038

Hyperglycemia soon after birth is common in extremely preterm infants. Hyperglycemia is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage and impaired neurodevelopmental outcome in these infants. Recent data in human infants and animal models demonstrate that hyperglycemia leads to decreased white matter content, abnormal synaptogenesis, microgliosis, and functional deficits in the absence of intraventricular hemorrhage. Data suggest that oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal substrate metabolism are respon [...]

by Berta Monleón López  , Valentina Della Torre  , Federico Bilotta  and Rafael Badenes

Received: 11 June 2019;  Published: 22 August 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903037

Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to describe recent evidence regarding the use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) as rescue therapy for refractory cardiac or respiratory failure in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) when conventional treatments have failed. The characteristics of these patients, including the risk of bleeding and developing malignant intracranial hypertension, are generally considered as relative contraindications to ECMO treatment; however, recent evidence sugges [...]