Open Access Review

Impact of Heavy Metals as Trace Elements on the Ecosystem and Health

Received: 10 June 2025;  Published: 21 October 2025;  doi: 10.21926/rpn.2504023

Abstract

Heavy metals are integral parts of our environment, originating initially from the universe and used in the industry, which may contribute to pollution. This book chapter aims to address the impact of heavy metals on the ecosystem and human health. Among the 32 heavy metals, eight belong to the group of essential ones: cobalt, copper, iron [...]