Open Access Review

Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory Efficiency and Real Wastewater Performance: A Critical Review of Rare-Earth-Doped Metal Oxide Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation

Received: 08 July 2026;  Published: 11 September 2026;  doi: 10.21926/cr.2603011

Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using semiconductor materials has been widely investigated for wastewater treatment. Yet, high activity reported under controlled laboratory conditions does not necessarily translate into practical treatment performance. This review evaluates the hypothesis that rare-earth (RE) doping can improve [...]