by Mojtaba Ehsanifar  , Akram Gholami  , Reyhaneh Shenasi  , Nioosha Pahnavar  and Maryam Golmohammadi

Received: 30 October 2025;  Published: 27 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602333

The glymphatic system is a glia-dependent network surrounding blood vessels that facilitates the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid, playing a crucial role in clearing neuro-metabolites from the brain. This system’s efficiency in transporting waste significantly increases during non-rapid eye movement non-REM sleep. Recent findings suggests that malfunctioning of the glymphatic system might be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a [...]

by Mohammad Hossein Ekvan  , Ali Sahebi  , Maryam Kord  , Zahra Soltanali  , Amir Hossein Ahmadi  and Somayeh Mohamadi

Received: 05 December 2025;  Published: 13 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602332

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent challenges in social interactions and repetitive behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of autism and autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in normal and abnormal groups, such as premature infants or seizure patients, using an umbrella review and meta-analysis. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Scientific sources included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and searches were conducted with [...]

by William Winlow  and Andrew Simon Johnson

Received: 04 August 2025;  Published: 13 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602331

Comprehending the nature of nerve communication is fundamental to our understanding of the functioning of nervous systems in general. The ionic mechanisms underlying action potentials in the squid giant axon were first described by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952, and their findings have formed our orthodox view of how the physiological action potential functions. However, substantial evidence has now accumulated to show that the action potential is accompanied by a synchronized coupled soliton pressure pulse in the cel [...]

by Walter Milano  , Roberta Campanile  , Magda Marchese  , Maria Francesca Milano  , Ludovica Ragozino  , Bianca Maria Saetta  and Anna Capasso

Received: 22 October 2025;  Published: 09 April 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2602330

This narrative review explores the pathophysiological consequences, neuroendocrine processes, and treatment approaches aimed at reducing the cardiometabolic adverse effects linked to antipsychotic medications; in particular, it highlights recent mechanistic advances in receptor-mediated metabolic dysregulation and emerging therapeutic implications. Schizophrenia, which is a long-term and debilitating disorder, correlates with a substantially shorter life expectancy (15-20 years less than that of the general populac [...]

by Riki Sukiandra  , Dini Hanania  , M. Zacky Haikal  and Muhammad Faaiz Adlii

Received: 09 December 2025;  Published: 27 March 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601329

Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a frequently underrecognized complication that contributes to long-term disability among stroke survivors. This study aimed to determine the frequency of CPSP and to describe its clinical characteristics and associated factors among stroke patients treated at Arifin Achmad General Hospital. A cross-sectional design was employed and included adult stroke patients with diagnoses confirmed by neuroimaging. CPSP was diagnosed based on the clinical criteria proposed by Klit et al., and [...]

by Mahsa Zeynali  , Hadi Seyedarabi  and Reza Afrouzian

Received: 25 September 2025;  Published: 10 March 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601328

The design of products in Neuromarketing using machine learning methods has been a continuous challenge in Computer-aided design. Previously, deep learning techniques have been applied to generate random images for domains such as furniture, fashion, and product design. However, using deep generative methods requires a large amount of data and overlooks human aspects in the design process. This paper aims to extract human perceptual factors from brain signals using a Transformer-based model and involve them in arti [...]

by Elisa Bertulla  , Ilaria Baldelli  , Andrea Antonini  and Edoardo Raposio

Received: 14 November 2025;  Published: 28 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601327

Migraine surgery is primarily indicated for patients with chronic migraine who are refractory to conventional pharmacological treatments. The procedure aims to deactivate peripheral trigger sites—anatomical zones where migraines can be triggered by nerve compression and irritation. The most common trigger areas are the frontal, occipital, and temporal. This review seeks to analyse the prevalence of treatment and corresponding success rates for these three main trigger sites. A systematic review was conducted on Pub [...]

by Nadezhda D Broshevitskaya  , Anastasia A Rebik  , Lidia M Birioukova  , Maria I. Zaichenko  and Inna S Midzyanovskaya

Received: 28 September 2025;  Published: 25 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601326

The inbred Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rat strain, characterized by latent genetic epilepsy, reduced social motivation, and a high propensity for freezing, is a promising model for translational research of social deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In clinical practice, social deficits often lead to social withdrawal and can be accompanied by aggression. It was unknown if KM rats exhibit such aggression during inescapable social encounters. We assessed intraspecific aggression in KM and control rats using th [...]

by Alireza Ala  , Samad Shams Vahdati  , Eliyar Sadeghi-Hokmabadi  , Sadaf Jalilzadeh  , Mahsa Kashtkar  and Asghar Jafari Rouhi

Received: 22 February 2025;  Published: 25 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601325

The "Sama Code" is a protocol implemented in Iranian pre-hospital emergency services to manage time and treat patients with suspected stroke symptoms based on the FAST criteria. This study aims to analyze the workflow of patients with stroke symptoms transferred under the Sama Code. All patients with neurological symptoms who were brought to Imam Reza Hospital by pre-hospital emergency services after activating the Sama Code during the years 2021 and 2022 were included in the study. Data were collected from pre-hos [...]

by Mona-Elisa Eberharter

Received: 03 November 2025;  Published: 12 February 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2601324

Using a two-stage qualitative design (Stage 1: expert interviews; Stage 2: biographical interviews with people with MS), existing governmental and organizational support measures for maintaining the work capacity of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) were analyzed, and proposals for improvement were developed. Additional state support measures were proposed, including relaxing the criteria for state assistance, creating a centralized contact point for MS-specific inquiries, and enhancing collaboration between [...]