by Kawther Al-Hadidi  , Jafar Alshraiedeh  and Mohammad Saleh

Received: 22 January 2026;  Published: 14 September 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603353

Postoperative delirium (POD) constitutes a frequent but severe complication that develops after patients undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. The condition results in extended stays in intensive care units, together with functional deterioration, higher medical expenses, and increased death rates. This review analyzes preoperative orientation programs based on implementation evidence demonstrating their effectiveness in reducing postoperative delirium rates among adult CABG patients. The research [...]

by Ishak Pacal

Received: 06 June 2026;  Published: 09 September 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603352

Accurate brain tumor classification from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains difficult because glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumors may exhibit overlapping enhancement, morphology, and slice-dependent appearance. This study presents a controlled comparison of Vision Transformer, Data-efficient Image Transformer (DeiT), Swin Transformer, BEiT, and EVA-02 under a common image-level protocol. The public Epic and CSCR Hospital Dataset record describes 12,064 preprocessed T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI image [...]

by S.L. Jany Shabu  , L. Lakshmanan  , J. Refonaa  , S. Dhamodaran  , Aimin Li  and Saurav Mallik

Received: 25 May 2026;  Published: 28 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603351

Histological heterogeneity and complex imaging patterns make brain tumour diagnosis difficult. In order to make timely clinical decisions and plan personalised treatment, MRI multi-class brain tumour classification must be accurate. Expert evaluation in conventional image interpretation increases diagnostic burden and inter-observer variability. While current AI-based tumour classification methods have improved, learning discriminative spatial-contextual representations and giving clinically relevant model interpre [...]

by Ioannis Syros  , Anna Tsourdini  , Blossom Fernandes  and Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous

Received: 25 November 2025;  Published: 27 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603350

The present study examined the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic intervention programme, Super Skills for Life (SSL), in children with clinical anxiety. SSL, in addition to the principles of cognitive and behavioral therapy, also incorporates video feedback and cognitive preparation as essential components of the treatment. The program was implemented in a clinical population in an NHS community child mental health unit. The sample consisted of 23 Greek-speaking elementary school children diagnosed with at least o [...]

by Elham Amjad  and Babak Sokouti

Received: 05 January 2026;  Published: 25 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603349

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a widespread heterogeneity as per the psychiatric nosology, and traditional symptom-based diagnosis frameworks do not offer many clues regarding tailored therapy techniques. The recent development of multi-omics and data-driven solutions has now provided evidence for pathophysiologically different subtypes of MDD, moving the field toward precision psychiatry. The systematic review aggregates multimodal studies that combing neuroimaging, genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, met [...]

by Tasya Fabiola Alim  , Valentinus Besin  and Mariana Wahjudi

Received: 04 January 2026;  Published: 24 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603348

Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign tumor, accounting for the majority of pituitary tumors. While extensive epidemiological data on PA exists globally, such data is limited in Indonesia. Epidemiological insights are crucial as disease patterns, including PA, can be ethnicity-dependent, and the incidence may differ across countries. This study aimed to address this gap by conducting a cross-sectional study at a primary hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, involving PA participants diagnosed between 2016 and 2020. The col [...]

by Daniel A. Encarnacion-Santos  , Andrey Vladimirovish Dubovoy  , Gennady Chmutin  , Egor Chmutin  , Emmanuel Batista-Geraldino  , Shahboz Boboev Ibrohimovich  and Adam Romanovish Mainer

Received: 28 April 2026;  Published: 21 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603347

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by stenosis of the terminal portion of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and the formation of an abnormal collateral vascular network at the skull base. This condition was first described by Suzuki and Takaku in 1969. This case report aims to describe the surgical management and the pathological and physiological characteristics of moyamoya disease in a child, focusing on a rare case involving an infant with Down syndrome [...]

by Helen Cyntia Mago  , Valentinus Besin  , Astuti Prodjohardjono  , Amelia Nur Vidyanti  , Waode Fifin Ervina  , Farizky Martriano Humardani  and Lisa Thalia Mulyanata

Received: 03 January 2026;  Published: 21 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603346

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases among older people. Generally, there are two main pathologies of Alzheimer’s disease, including the accumulation of amyloid beta and the hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated Tau protein in the brain. Recently, more studies have discovered that changes in the immune system can be one of the causes of amyloid-beta deposits. Amyloid-beta is a product of the breakdown of the glycoprotein amyloid precursor protein, a transmembrane [...]

by Elham Amjad  and Babak Sokouti

Received: 17 December 2025;  Published: 11 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603345

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) poses a major mental health threat in the Middle East, where people experience ongoing conflict, displacement, and trauma. This study summarizes the use of computational and data-driven approaches, including machine learning (ML), biomarker identification, network analysis, and factor analysis, to understand, diagnose, and treat PTSD in the Middle East. A detailed search of the Scopus database led to the inclusion of only relevant original/research studies that met strict inclus [...]

by Vincenzo Manca

Received: 27 March 2026;  Published: 11 August 2026;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2603344

This paper proposes a general theory of cognitive systems that inverts the conventional relationship between information and knowledge. While classical approaches define knowledge as the byproduct of processed information, we establish knowledge as a primitive concept and formulate information as a measure emerging from the process of assimilating knowledge. The epistemic measure of information provides a formal counterpart to Piaget’s assimilation-accommodation paradigm, expressed in terms of knowledge encoding co [...]