by Abdulmalik Ahmad Lawan  , Hauwa Zakariyya Abdullahi  , Abdullahi Yunusa Abdullahi  and Sadiya Tahir

Received: 16 January 2025;  Published: 15 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503298

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with significant heterogeneity in symptoms and comorbid conditions. Studies have shown the value of early and accurate diagnosis in mitigating the associated social and behavioral challenges. Recently, studies have demonstrated the potential of machine learning (ML) models in identifying ASD patterns from neuroimaging, genetic, and behavioral data. However, the limited interpretability of these models poses a barrier to their clinical adopti [...]

by Ami Rokach

Received: 08 May 2025;  Published: 14 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503297

Loneliness, social isolation, aloneness, and solitude may be used interchangeably by some who may miss the difference between them. Loneliness is the experience of being alone, or perceiving that one is alone and unimportant to others. Solitude is being geographically isolated out of one’s choice. Loneliness is not a feeling, but a multidimensional construct which is expressed cognitively, behaviorally and affectively. solitude is also reviewed and a clear distinction between loneliness and solitude is established. [...]

by Samhani Ismail  , Muhammad Hakimi Mohd Nashron  , Mohd Hanifah Jusoh  and Abdul Nawfar Sadagatullah

Received: 26 February 2025;  Published: 05 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503296

Chronic pain involves complex cortical and subcortical changes, suggesting that brain electrical activity may be a potential biomarker for nociceptive processing. Pain leaves its signature in the brain's oscillatory patterns, yet limited studies have explored the neurophysiological alterations associated with chronic pain. This review examines the pain detection method currently used in clinical settings, the potential of neurophysiological features to become brain oscillatory brain biomarkers, and their use in fut [...]

by Michael Okoronkwo  , Aaron Mack  , Keyana Varnado  , Michael Alfred  , Kevin Hardy  , Amarachi Osuji  , Percy Takyi  , Gabriel Onor  , Oluwatomi Akingbola  and Rahn Bailey

Received: 17 April 2024;  Published: 04 August 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503295

Pandemic lockdown orders resulted in closures to critical community networks. One such infrastructure was community recreation centers/parks. This infrastructure serves a critical role in building psychosocial wellness for youth. Socioeconomic minority youth face baseline disparity in center/park distribution and services. Youth recreation activity declined 50% as result of lockdown orders with corresponding decline in youth mental health status. Despite overall youth activity decline, White and high socioeconomic [...]

by Navid Khaleghimoghaddam  and Sara Arzhangi

Received: 11 April 2025;  Published: 31 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503294

The acoustic design of indoor environments encompassing spatial configuration, material properties, and sound absorption significantly influences auditory perception and psychological well-being. This study examines the interaction between architectural acoustics, musical stimuli, and neural responses within a controlled therapeutic context, focusing on their effects on stress reduction and relaxation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was utilized to measure brain activity in 24 participants exposed to six musical inst [...]

by Alvard Minasyan  and Naira Sahakyan

Received: 20 May 2025;  Published: 30 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503293

Microglial activation and the associated oxidative or inflammatory responses play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Teucrium polium (TP) ethanolic extract in murine BV-2 microglial cells, including wild-type (Wt) and peroxisomal β-oxidation-deficient Acox1-/- cell lines. The TP extract exhibited high antioxidant activity as assessed via the DPPH test, with an IC50 value of 73.89 μ [...]

by Robert Medina  , Akanksha Dave  , Candice Keogh  , Jordan Bartfield  , Franco Estenssoro  , Melissa Fraga  and Brandon Lucke-Wold

Received: 28 February 2025;  Published: 21 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503292

This review examines a multimodal approach that integrates advanced neuroimaging, biofluid biomarkers, and innovative rehabilitation strategies for the optimized diagnosis and recovery of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI remains a critical public health challenge due to its high incidence and diverse, long-lasting morbidities. Conventional diagnostic methods often lack the sensitivity to detect subtle injuries, and current prognostic models are limited by the heterogeneity of TBI. Emerging neuroimaging techniques, [...]

by Mega Obukohwo Oyovwi  , Victor Oghenekparobo Emojevwe  , Benneth Ben-Azu  and Ejayeta Jeroh

Received: 31 March 2025;  Published: 09 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503291

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. While the primary injury is mechanical, the subsequent neuroinflammatory cascade plays a critical role in secondary injury and long-term neurological deficits. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, play a key role in this cascade, interacting with neurons in a complex interplay that can both protect and exacerbate neuronal damage. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview [...]

by Igor Val Danilov  , Dace Medne  and Sandra Mihailova

Received: 09 February 2025;  Published: 03 July 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290

Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic pain occurs in various disorders due to correlated processes of spontaneous cortical reorganization and dysregulation of cortical excitability in consciousness-related networks. This case series tracks three patients with chronic pain associated with the menstrual cycle treated by a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique that applies qualities of the mother-fetus neurocognitive model. Previous research has shown that a low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field an [...]

by Ferydoon Khamooshi  , Samaneh Doraji-Bonjar  , Habib Ghaznavi  , Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi  , Ali Reza Modarresi-Alam  , Ali Navidian  , Ali Khajeh  and Mohammad Kazem Momeni

Received: 05 December 2024;  Published: 10 June 2025;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2502289

This study reviews the biochemical mechanisms and clinical implications of N-heterocyclic amine drugs, particularly in the context of pain management, mental health, and opioid withdrawal. It highlights the structural diversity and receptor binding capabilities of these compounds, which enable them to target the nervous system and cross the blood-brain barrier effectively. The article discusses the role of opioids in pain relief, detailing their agonistic effects on opioid receptors and the subsequent risk of addic [...]