Advances Toward In Vivo Cartilage Repair: A Comprehensive Review of Current Strategies and Future Directions
Abstract
The cartilage is avascular and has limited regenerative capacity, posing a significant clinical challenge. Conventional treatments often do not restore hyaline cartilage, leading to progressive osteoarthritis. Recent advances in tissue engineering have focused on integrating biomaterials, stem cells, growth factors, and gene-delivery approaches. In addition, in vivo models serve as critical platforms for translational validation. Biomaterial scaffolds, including polycaprolac [...]