Quantum Diamonds and the Future of Advanced Processors, Review on Benefits and Challenges

Mahyar Vefaghi , Hediyeh Rezaei Sedehi , Omid Ashkani ^*

1. Faculty of engineering, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

* Correspondence: Omid Ashkani

Academic Editor: Mario Coccia

Received: April 09, 2025 | Accepted: July 28, 2025 | Published: August 03, 2025

Recent Progress in Materials 2025, Volume 7, Issue 3, doi:10.21926/rpm.2503012

Recommended citation: Vefaghi M, Sedehi HR, Ashkani O. Quantum Diamonds and the Future of Advanced Processors, Review on Benefits and Challenges. Recent Progress in Materials 2025; 7(3): 012; doi:10.21926/rpm.2503012.

© 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is correctly cited.

1. Introduction

With the advancement of technology and the increasing need for processing complex data, classical computing has faced numerous limitations. Next-generation technology-based CPUs, despite significant advancements, have approached a saturation point in the face of challenges such as increased energy consumption and reduced dimensions. On the other hand, quantum computing technology, as an innovative approach, enables computations to be performed at extremely high speeds and with exceptional efficiency. One of the fundamental challenges in the development of CPUs is finding a material with suitable properties for implementing quantum bits (qubits). For CPUs, quantum diamonds, particularly nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, have emerged as a promising platform in quantum processing.

Quantum diamonds refer to diamond-based systems that utilize the unique properties of diamonds at the quantum level, primarily through the manipulation of color centers, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. These defects within the diamond lattice create localized electronic states that can be coherently controlled and manipulated, making them suitable for applications in quantum computing, quantum communication, and advanced sensing technologies. Quantum diamonds exhibit exceptional optical and electronic properties, allowing for the storage and processing of quantum information, as well as high sensitivity in detecting magnetic fields and other physical phenomena. Their integration into various technologies positions quantum diamonds as a pivotal element in the advancement of quantum science and engineering. It is noteworthy that quantum diamonds are used in microscopes, biology, and other advanced technologies [1,2,3,4].

Among the various applications of quantum dots, it is crucial to focus on the applications of quantum computers. Quantum computing holds the promise of being more powerful than classical computers due to its unique principles, such as superposition and entanglement. Unlike classical bits that represent either a 0 or a 1, quantum bits (qubits) can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing quantum computers to explore numerous possibilities concurrently. This inherent parallelism, combined with specialized algorithms like Shor's and Grover's, enables quantum computers to solve complex problems—such as factoring large numbers and searching vast databases—much faster than their classical counterparts. As a result, quantum computing could revolutionize fields like cryptography, optimization, and materials science, unlocking capabilities beyond what classical computing can achieve [5,6,7,8].

In the Case of processors, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers possess unique features such as high spin stability at room temperature, the ability for precise quantum control, and the capability for optical reading of quantum information. Unlike many other platforms that require temperatures close to absolute zero to maintain quantum stability, diamond-based quantum qubits also demonstrate suitable performance at room temperature. This article examines the structure of a CPU, the structure and properties of quantum diamonds, and their impact on the development of computer CPUs. It will also address the challenges ahead in the commercialization of this technology.

At the end of the introduction, it is necessary to mention that Figure 1 shows the PRISMA diagram for the present study. Given the novelty of the concept of quantum diamonds and the ongoing development of quantum processors, the sources mentioned may be limited or contain repetitive subjects. In the present study, an attempt was made to avoid providing repetitive subjects and references.

Figure 1 PRISMA diagram for the present study.

2. Study Design & Initial Review on Computer Processors

The performance and structure of next-generation computer processors are of great interest to researchers. A central processing unit (CPU, as shown in Figure 2), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary processor in a given computer [9,10]. In the world of technology, central processing units (CPUs) play a crucial role in the performance of computing systems, acting as the beating heart of computers. With recent advancements in engineering, the new generation of processors has been designed with innovative architectures and more advanced technologies, offering users faster performance, greater energy efficiency, and more creative capabilities. Regarding this significant advancement, specific changes, such as significant structural changes in the CPU, have been made.

Figure 2 Schematic of a general CPU.

Next-generation processors not only have higher processing power but also provide a better experience for professional users, gamers, and software developers with more efficient energy consumption, less heat generation, and support for faster memory. These advancements will have a significant impact not only in the realm of personal computers but also in data centers, cloud processing, and even Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and so on. Overall, the new generation of computer processors, with their combination of high processing power, energy efficiency, and intelligent capabilities, has ushered in a new era in the world of computing. In this section, we will continue to examine the actual structure of the processor, its role in controlling logical and computational operations of a computer, and its importance as a key component of the computer. The central processing unit is one of the most critical components of a computer system. The CPU is a hardware component that is installed in a CPU socket. These sockets are usually located on the motherboard. CPUs perform various operations related to data acceptance, such as processing and controlling data input and output, and storage for a computer system, handling data, instructions, programs, and intermediate results. The CPU consists of 3 central units, which are: Memory or Storage Unit, Control Unit, and ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). A CPU, depending on its performance and advancement, has many components. But generally, in this section, some of these components are briefly explained. The first part under review is the memory or storage unit (internal storage unit, main memory, primary storage, and random access memory (RAM)). As its name suggests, it stores instructions, data, and intermediate results. The memory unit is responsible for transferring information to other units of the computer when needed. Some of the main functions of memory units include Storing Data and instructions, which are necessary for processing. It also stores the intermediate results of each calculation or task while the work is being done. The final processing results are stored in memory units before being transferred to an output device for presentation to the user. All types of inputs and outputs are transferred through the memory unit. The size of this unit affects the computer's speed, power, and performance. In a computer, there are two types of memory, which include primary memory and secondary memory [11,12].

Another part of the CPU is the control unit. As its name suggests, executing pre-stored instructions, it commands the computer system using electrical signals, which means it controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not perform any data processing operations. Its main task is to maintain the flow of information throughout the processor. This part takes instructions from the memory unit, then decodes the instructions, and finally executes those instructions. Therefore, it controls the operation of the computer. Some of the main tasks of the control unit include managing all units of the computer, controlling data, transferring data and instructions by the control unit and other parts of the computer, receiving, interpreting, and directing instructions or data that enter from the memory unit and finally directing them towards the relevant operations, and being responsible for communication with input and output devices to transfer data or results from memory. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is another component of a CPU and is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations. This includes two subsets, which are: Logical section: With logical operations, it performs operations or functions such as selection, comparison, matching, and data merging, all of which are carried out by the ALU. Arithmetic section: With arithmetic operations, it performs operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and also, all complex operations and functions are carried out through repeated use of the operations mentioned by the ALU. A central processor, using a combination of these essential components, will be responsible for executing instructions and producing output in a computer. The CPU's work includes Fetch, Decode, and Execute, which are the fundamental functions of a computer. Its mechanism is such that it first receives the instruction, meaning the binary numbers are transferred from the RAM to the CPU. In the next stage, when the instruction enters the CPU, it needs to decode the instructions. With the help of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), the decoding process begins. After the decoding stage, the instructions are ready to be executed, and finally, after the execution stage, the instructions are prepared to be stored in memory [13]. Figure 3 shows the CPU instruction execution steps.

Figure 3 CPU instruction execution steps.

The CPU has multiple cores and is capable of performing several tasks simultaneously. The CPU can perform complex tasks, from basic calculations to operating system management. Modern CPUs are high-speed and capable of performing billions of calculations per second. They are designed to be compatible with a wide range of software, which enables the running of various programs using a single CPU. But one of their most significant problems is overheating during complex tasks, which can generate excessive heat. This requires effective cooling solutions, such as fans or liquid cooling systems. While multi-core CPUs can perform multiple tasks simultaneously, they are still not as efficient in parallel processing as specialized hardware like GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), which are designed for handling many tasks at once. Another issue is high power consumption; high-performance CPUs can consume a significant amount of electricity, leading to increased electricity bills and the need for a powerful power supply. The high price can also be one of its drawbacks, as the best high-performance processors can be expensive, which can make it difficult for some users or applications that require high computational power to obtain. The CPU is the brain of a computer. It carries all the instructions from the programs and manages everything from simple calculations to complex tasks. Without a CPU, the computer cannot run programs or perform any tasks. Without a CPU, a computer is like a useless mannequin. Therefore, this is very important for the overall performance of a computer, which is why it is necessary to implement advanced and special updates continuously in this area, and also to address its problems and shortcomings with logical, innovative, and optimized methods [14].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Applications, Benefits, and Challenges of Quantum Diamonds

The performance and structure of diamond quantum particles are of great importance in a variety of processors. Diamond quantum particles, specifically nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, have emerged as promising candidates for quantum computing due to their ability to function as stable qubits. Unlike classical CPUs, which rely on transistors to process information in binary form, these quantum particles harness the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations at unparalleled speeds and efficiency. The integration of diamond quantum particles into computational systems could potentially enhance the capabilities of traditional CPUs by providing a means to solve complex problems more rapidly. This relationship between diamond quantum technology and classical computing represents a fascinating frontier in the quest for faster, more efficient computational solutions. Diamond quantum dots are referred to as points formed from diamond Nanocrystals, and their size range is around a few nanometers. Some of these quantum dots have crystal defects such as nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, as mentioned before. This crystal defect exhibits high fluorescence properties. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for implementing quantum technologies because they exhibit atom-like properties, long-lived quantum spin states, and distinct optical transitions in a robust solid-state device [15].

The NV center has spin degrees of freedom associated with its bound electrons and nearby nuclear spins, and similar to atomic states, these spins can be utilized using optical transitions. At the same time, the solid-state host allows for rapid electrical and magnetic control using wiring and waveguides on the chip; similarly, photonic structures can be made from diamond crystals to create an efficient optical interface. Additionally, the biocompatibility and non-toxicity of diamond quantum dots can make them optimal materials for a wide range of applications. Therefore, the properties of diamond quantum dots can be described as follows: The ability to emit light over a broad spectrum and high optical stability. It can be used in bio-imaging due to its non-toxicity and long-term stability. The fluorescence property is adjustable based on the size and type of crystal defects. NV centers in diamond quantum dots can be used for quantum information processing. The possibility of use in high-sensitivity quantum measurements such as magnetometry and nano-scale thermometry. Non-toxic and biocompatible, suitable for biological imaging and drug tracking. The ability to be used in biosensors for the detection of specific biomolecules. These properties allow them to have special applications in various scientific and engineering fields. For example, due to the high stability of NV centers, they can act as quantum bits (qubits) or serve as suitable replacements for toxic heavy metal-based quantum dots. They can also be used to measure magnetic, electrical, and thermal changes on a nanometer scale or have potential applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optical amplifiers [16,17].

In addition to the above, the impact of diamond quantum dots on the performance of computer processors is of great interest. As mentioned in previous sections, diamond quantum dots, especially those that include nitrogen-vacancy (NV centers), with their unique properties, have provided an essential platform for the advancement and development of various technologies, particularly computer technologies and CPUs. Their properties can significantly improve the performance of different components of a CPU. Next, we will discuss their applications and advantages in CPUs [18].

Quantum Memory is one of the crucial applications—NV defects in the diamond structure act as quantum centers. As mentioned in previous sections, in these defects, a nitrogen atom replaces a carbon atom, creating a vacancy in the diamond's crystalline structure. This structure allows the corresponding electrons to act as a qubit. Diamond quantum dots can hold quantum information (qubit) in the spin states of NV defects for an extended period. These qubits can perform quantum logic operations, such as quantum gates, with precision. Stable quantum memories also play an essential role in quantum processors, as they provide the capability to store and retrieve information with a low error rate. In other words, these defects are capable of preserving spin states with high precision. The transitions between these spin states can be controlled by light or radio waves, enabling quantum operations such as quantum logic to be performed. On the other hand, the development of quantum processors is directly related to the development of CPUs, as processors are essential components of CPUs [18,19].

In addition to quantum memory, the use of quantum processors at room temperature is also of great interest. One of the most significant advantages of diamond compared to other quantum systems is the ability to operate at room temperature. Recent advancements in materials science have led to the exploration of quantum systems, such as diamond quantum particles (e.g., nitrogen-vacancy centers), topological qubits, and photonic qubits that can sustain quantum properties at higher temperatures, including room temperature. The ability to achieve quantum coherence at ambient conditions could significantly simplify the infrastructure needed for quantum computers, making them more accessible and practical for widespread use. Room-temperature quantum processing holds the potential to enhance the scalability of quantum computers, reduce operational costs, and facilitate broader applications in fields like cryptography, optimization, and complex simulations. As research continues, achieving reliable quantum processing outside of cryogenic environments remains a vibrant area of exploration in the quest for practical quantum technologies [20,21].

In addition to the above, it is noteworthy that diamond quantum dots can perform quantum operations at room temperature, unlike many quantum systems that require very low temperatures (close to absolute zero). This feature is a significant advantage in the scalability and industrial application of quantum processors, as it allows for a broader environment for use or a substantial reduction in costs related to energy supply, and creates conditions for efficiency. This feature prevents the need for complex and expensive cooling systems that exist in many other systems [22,23].

Quantum communication is another application of quantum diamonds. Diamond quantum dots can produce entangled photons, which are essential for quantum communications (e.g., in quantum networks or the quantum internet). In other words, in network systems, the production of entangled photons by NV defects can serve as a foundation for the secure and error-free transmission of quantum information. This feature is significant in the construction of the quantum internet and quantum networks. These communications could be a substantial part of the architecture of future distributed quantum CPUs [24,25]. Also, the crystalline structure of diamond, due to its extraordinary stability, provides good protection for qubits against environmental noise. This stability increases the coherence time of qubits and allows for more precise quantum processing.

For the reasons mentioned above, these materials are also used in sensors and semiconductors. Quantum CPUs require exact control. Due to their high sensitivity to magnetic and electric fields, diamond quantum dots can act as precise sensors in quantum processor systems. These sensors can be used to monitor the status of qubits and to achieve more precise system control. This feature is handy for the calibration and better control of quantum processor components [25,26]. It is noteworthy that diamond quantum dots can also be used in biosensors [2]. Diamond can be engineered to integrate with existing semiconductor technologies (like CMOS). Diamond can be processed using Nano-fabrication methods and then integrated with CMOS technologies. This feature enables the construction of hybrid systems that simultaneously leverage quantum processing power and classical processing speed [27].

3.2 Challenges, Solutions & Future Outlook

Integration with classical systems: Although diamonds can integrate with CMOS technologies, creating bridges between the quantum and classical worlds requires precise and innovative designs. Solutions such as the development of electronic and optical interfaces between these two systems are being examined and implemented.

Crystal quality and defect control: The production of diamonds with NV defects requires high quality. Precise control of the number and placement of defects is one of the most critical challenges, which is gradually being solved with advancements in nanostructure growth technology and materials engineering.

Reducing noise and increasing qubit coherence time: Although diamond is known for its high stability, environmental noise can still affect qubit performance. The use of error correction techniques and precise engineering of Nano systems is among the available solutions to improve the coherence time of qubits.

Development of hybrid technologies: The integration of diamond-based quantum systems with classical processors could shape the future of next-generation processors. This combination can leverage the advantages of both systems and improve the overall performance of computational systems. At the end of this section, suggestions for future research are presented in the form of a complete table that researchers can use for further study. Diamond quantum dots are of great interest, and the use of the following suggestions can pave the way for future research. The resources listed in Table 1 are not necessarily related to quantum diamonds and explore the benefits of quantum computers in relevant applications that quantum diamonds can improve.

Table 1 Future suggestions.

It is worth noting that quantum computing and the use of quantum computers are not limited to the suggestions above, and one of the issues discussed is the management of these new technologies and investment in them. The dynamics of research centers can lead to innovations in industrial, social, and economic changes [41,42], which themselves play an essential role in the development of various sciences and may even be a suitable research field.

4. Conclusion

Diamond quantum dots, with features such as high stability, operation at room temperature, production of entangled photons, and the ability to integrate with classical electronic systems, are one of the most promising options for developing the next generation of quantum computer processors. Although there are challenges in their production, control, and integration, the increasing advancements in materials engineering and nanotechnology promise a bright future in this field. Researchers are encouraged to develop these materials in advanced quantum technologies, including computers, in the future. The manufacturing method should also be developed, and the needs for industrialization should be examined. It is also suggested that in the future, researchers focus more on the concepts of diamond quantum dots and reveal their applications.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this article would like to express their gratitude to the scientific colleagues who published the articles.

Author Contributions

M. Vefaghi: Researcher, Date Analysis, First draft, Final writing. H.R. Sedehi: Date Analysis, First draft, Final writing. O. Ashkani: Supervision, Project manager, Final Approve.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

AI-Assisted Technologies Statement

Artificial intelligence was not used in writing the text of this article, as well as in compiling the various sections. However, it is announced that the Quillbot grammar checker and improver tool were used to increase the grammatical level of the article.