Open Access Original Research

Municipality Scoping Assessment of Urban Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Ethiopian Secondary Cities Using Modified WASH Systems Building Blocks Framework

Received: 06 April 2026;  Published: 28 September 2026;  doi: 10.21926/aeer.2603032

Abstract

The research aimed to assess the urban water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems enabling environment in ten selected Ethiopian secondary cities. It comprises Adama, Bahir Dar, Bishoftu, Dessie, Dire Dawa, Harar, Hawassa, Kombolcha, Mekelle, and Shashemene cities. The study used a two-phase assessment, integrating the USAID Urban WASH [...]