TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bint e Attar, Garzain
AU  - Khan, Mohd. Ashif
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/12/31
TI  - Pharmacological Strategies to Enhance Bone Graft Integration: Emerging Agents and Molecular Pathways
JO  - OBM Transplantation
SP  - 262
VL  - 09
IS  - 04
AB  - Bone grafting remains a cornerstone technique in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery, yet achieving successful graft integration continues to pose significant challenges, particularly in conditions such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and large bone defects. Traditional graft materials such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetics, often encounter limitations including immune rejection, poor vascularization, and insufficient osteogenic support. Emerging pharmacological strategies have shown promise in enhancing graft integration by modulating bone-healing pathways, promoting angiogenesis, and regulating inflammatory responses. This review comprehensively explores the biological mechanisms underlying bone repair, including the roles of key molecular pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, BMP signaling, VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, and the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis. It further examines the therapeutic application of osteoinductive agents (e.g., BMPs, PTH analogs), anti-resorptive drugs (e.g., bisphosphonates, Denosumab), angiogenic modulators (e.g., VEGF, PDGF), and biologics targeting inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β). Innovative approaches such as nanotechnology-based drug delivery, scaffold-based release systems, and gene therapy are also discussed for their potential to achieve localized, controlled, and sustained enhancement of graft performance. While several FDA-approved agents, such as rhBMP-2 and PDGF-BB, have advanced clinical practice, persistent challenges including variability in patient healing, delivery limitations, adverse effects, and regulatory hurdles, highlight the need for continued research. Future directions emphasize the development of multifunctional, personalized therapeutics that actively guide bone regeneration, supported by rigorous translational studies to ensure clinical efficacy and safety.
SN  - 2577-5820
UR  - https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.transplant.2504262
DO  - 10.21926/obm.transplant.2504262
ID  - Bint e Attar2025
ER  -